| 词组 | questions |
| 释义 | questions ◊ GRAMMAR There are two main types of question: 'yes/no'-questions and 'wh'-questions'. ◊ 'yes/no'-questions Questions which can be answered by 'yes' or 'no' are called 'yes/no'-questions. 'Are you ready?' ---'Yes.' 'Have you read this magazine?' ---'No.' 'Yes/no'-questions are formed by changing the order of the subject and the verb group. If the verb group consists of more than one word, you put the first word at the beginning of the sentence, in front of the subject. You put the rest of the verb group after the subject. Will you have finished by lunchtime? Has he been working? If you are using a simple tense, you use an appropriate form of the auxiliary 'do' in front of the subject. You put the base form of the main verb after the subject. Do the British take sport seriously? Does David do this sort of thing often? Did you meet George in France? ◊ 'be' However, if the main verb is 'be', you put a form of 'be' at the beginning of the clause, followed by the subject. You do not use 'do'. Are you okay? Was it lonely without us? ◊ 'have' You can use a structure such as 'Have you got...?' or a structure such as 'Do you have...?' See entry at ↑ ◊ WARNING If you want to ask a 'yes/no'-question, you do not usually use the normal word order of a statement. However, you can use the normal word order of a statement if you want to express surprise, or to check that something is true. You've flown this machine before? You've got two thousand already? ◊ negative 'yes/no'-questions You use a negative 'yes/no'-question when you think the answer will be, or should be, 'Yes'. For example, you say 'Didn't we see Daphne last weekend?' if you think you saw Daphne last weekend. You say 'Haven't you got a pen?' if you think the person you are speaking to should have a pen. 'Can't the trade unionists do something about this?' ---'Yes, but they can't solve the problem by themselves.' 'Wasn't he French?' ---'Yes.' 'Didn't you say you'd done it?' ---'No.' ◊ 'wh'-questions 'Wh'-questions are used to ask about the identity of the people or things involved in an action, or about the circumstances of an action. 'Wh'-questions begin with a 'wh'-word. The 'wh'-words are: • the adverbs 'how', 'when', 'where', and 'why' • the pronouns 'who', 'whom', 'what', 'which', and 'whose' • the determiners 'what', 'which', and 'whose' Note that 'whom' is only used as the object of a verb or preposition, not as a subject. See entry at ↑ ◊ 'wh'-word as subject When a 'wh'-word is the subject of a question, the 'wh'-word comes first, followed by the verb group. The word order of the clause is the same as that of an ordinary statement. What happened? Who could have done it? The form of a question is similar when the 'wh'-word is part of the subject. Which men had been ill? ◊ 'wh'-word as object or adverb When a 'wh'-word is the object of a verb or preposition, or when it is an adverb, the 'wh'-word comes first. The formation of the rest of the clause is the same as for 'yes/no'-questions; that is, the subject is put after the first word in the verb group, and the auxiliary 'do' is used for simple tenses. Which do you like best? When would you be coming down? The form of a question is similar when the 'wh'-word is part of the object. Which graph are you going to use? If there is a preposition, it usually comes at the end of the clause. What are they looking for? Which country do you come from? However, if a phrase such as 'at what time' or 'in what way' is being used, the preposition is put at the beginning. In what way are they different? If 'whom' is used, the preposition is always put first. 'Whom' is only used in formal speech and writing. With whom were you talking? ◊ questions in reply When you are asking a question in reply to what someone has said, you can often just use a 'wh'-word, not a whole clause, because it is clear what you mean. 'There's someone coming.' ---'Who?' 'Maria! We won't discuss that here.' ---'Why not?' ◊ indirect ways of asking questions When you ask someone for information, it is more polite to use the expressions 'Could you tell me...?' or 'Do you know...?' Could you tell me how far it is to the bank? Do you know where Jane is? Note that the second part of the question has the form of a reported question. See entry at ↑ People sometimes use expressions like 'May I ask...?' and 'Might I ask...?' to ask a question indirectly. However, it is best not to use this way of asking a question, as it can sound hostile or aggressive. May I ask what your name is? Might I inquire if you are the owner? |
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