When talking about people and things from a particular country, you use one of three types of words:
• an adjective indicating the country, such as 'French' in 'French wine'
• a noun referring to a person from the country, such as 'Frenchman'
• a noun preceded by 'the' which refers to all the people of the country, such as 'the French'
In many cases, the word for a person who comes from a particular country is the same as the adjective, and the word for all the people of the country is the plural form of this. Here are some examples:
All nationality adjectives that end in '-an' follow this pattern.
All nationality adjectives that end in '-ese' also follow this pattern. However, the plural form of these words is the same as the singular form. For example:
A form ending in '-ese' is in fact not commonly used to refer to one person. For example, people tend to say 'a Portuguese man' or 'a Portuguese woman' rather than 'a Portuguese'.
Note that 'Swiss' also follows this pattern.
There is a group of nationality words where the word for all the people of a country is the plural of the word for a person from that country, but the adjective is different. Here are some examples:
Another group of nationality words have a special word for the person who comes from the country, but the adjective and the word for the people are the same. Here are some examples:
'Briton' is used only in writing, and is not common.
The adjective relating to 'Scotland' is usually 'Scottish'. 'Scotch' is old-fashioned. A person from Scotland is 'a Scot', 'a Scotsman', or 'a Scotswoman'. You usually refer to all the people in Scotland as 'the Scots'.
◊ referring to a person
Instead of using a nationality noun to refer to a person from a particular country, you can use a nationality adjective followed by a noun such as 'man', 'gentleman', 'woman', or 'lady'.
...an Indian gentleman.
...a French lady.
If someone uses a nationality noun in the singular, they are more likely to be referring to a man of a particular nationality than a woman. When people want to refer to a woman of a particular nationality, they tend to use a nationality adjective followed by a noun such as 'woman' or 'girl'.
He had married a Spanish girl.
An American woman in her sixties told me that this was her first trip abroad.
People usually use nationality adjectives rather than nouns after 'be'. For example, you would say 'He's Polish' rather than 'He's a Pole'.
Plural nationality nouns ending in '-men' sometimes refer to both men and women. Similarly, singular nouns ending in '-man' are sometimes used to refer in a general way to a person of a particular nationality.
...advice that has strongly antagonized many ordinary Frenchmen.
...if you're a Frenchman or a German.
◊ referring to the people
When you are saying something about a nation, you use a plural form of the verb, even when the nationality word you are using does not end in '-s'.
The British are worried about the prospect of cheap imports.
You can use plural nouns ending in '-s' on their own to refer to the people of a particular country.
There is no way in which Italians, for example, can be prevented from entering Germany or France to seek jobs.
You can use a general determiner, a number, or an adjective in front of a plural noun to refer to some of the people of a particular country.
Many Americans assume that the British are stiff and formal.
There were four Germans with Dougal.
Increasing numbers of young Swedes choose to live together rather than to marry.
◊ WARNING
You cannot use nationality words which do not end in '-s' like this. For example, you cannot say 'many French', 'four French', or 'young French'.
You can also use the name of a country to mean the people who belong to it or who are representing it officially. You use a singular form of a verb with it.
...the fact that Britain has been excluded from these talks.
◊ country as modifier
If there is no adjective that indicates what country someone or something belongs to, you can use the name of the country as a modifier.
...the New Zealand government.
◊ combining nationality adjectives
You can usually combine nationality adjectives by putting a hyphen between them when you want to indicate that something involves two countries.
...joint German-American tactical exercises.
...the Italian-Swiss border.
There are a few special adjectives which are only used in this sort of combination, in front of the hyphen.
Anglo- (England or Britain), Euro- (Europe), Franco- (France), Indo- (India), Italo- (Italy), Russo- (Russia), Sino- (China)
...Anglo-American trade relations.
◊ language
Many nationality adjectives can be used to refer to the language that is spoken in a particular country or that was originally spoken in a particular country.
She speaks French so well.
There's something written here in Greek.
◊ cities, regions, and states
There are a number of nouns which are used to refer to a person from a particular city, region, or state.
...a 23-year-old New Yorker.
Perhaps Londoners have simply got used to it.
Captain Cook was a hard-headed Yorkshireman.
Their children are now indistinguishable from other Californians.
Similarly, there are a number of adjectives which show that a person or thing comes from or exists in a particular city or state.
...a Glaswegian accent.
...a Californian beach.