1. vt. & vi.开始　 begin
2. vt. & vi.出发；启程　 begin a journey
3. vt.开办，创办　 bring into existence; enable to begin

　～ a dinner　开始吃饭
　～ a discussion　开始讨论
　～ a dog　惊动狗
　～ a hare　惊动野兔
　～ a machine　发动机器
　～ a motor　发动马达
　～ a race　开始赛跑
　～ a season　开始一个季节
　～ a shop　开始营业
　～ a war　发动战争
　～ air services　开办航空业务
　～ car　发动汽车
　～ climb　开始攀登
　～ enterprise　创办企业
　～ fire　引起火灾
　～ firm　创办公司
　～ newspaper　创办报纸
　～ school　开始上学
　～ the engine　发动机器
　～ the war　引起战争
　～ work　开始工作
　～ blindly　盲目地开始
　～ bravely　勇敢地开始
　～ completely　完全开始
　～ decisively　果断地开始
　～ deliberately　审慎地开始
　～ distractedly　思想不集中地开始
　～ dramatically　戏剧性地开始
　～ elatedly　兴高采烈地开始
　～ fitfully　间歇性地开始
　～ immediately　立即开始
　～ impetuously　急躁地开始
　～ impulsively　冲动地开始
　～ involuntarily　不情愿地开始
　～ jauntily　满怀信心地开始
　～ painfully　痛苦地开始
　～ passively　被动地开始
　～ patiently　耐心地开始
　～ peacefully　平静地开始
　～ philosophically　冷静地开始
　～ pleasantly　高兴地开始
　～ precipitately　突然地开始
　～ quickly　迅速地开始
　～ recklessly　轻率地开始
　～ reluctantly　勉强地开始
　～ scientifically　科学地开始
　～ simultaneously　同时开始
　～ suddenly　突然开始
　～ fearfully　可怕地开始
　～ temporarily　暂时开始
　～ violently　猛烈地开始
　～ in to rain　下起雨来
　～ off　开始出发，动身
　～ out　开始，着手，出发
　～ out to write a novel　着手写小说
　～ up　开动，惊跳起来
　～ back for　动身回…去
　～ in on sb　开始责备某人
　～ off at one's work　开始工作
　～ off for a journey　启程
　～ off for Beijing　动身去北京
　～ off with　从…开始
　～ out of one's sleep　从睡梦中惊醒
　～ out of the head　从头上蹦出来
　～ out of the wound　从伤口流出
　～ up from the seat　从座位上惊跳起来
　～ as　以…开始
　～ as a secretary　开始当秘书
　～ as workers　开始当工人
　～ for　动身去（某处）
　～ for the airport　动身去机场
　～ from　从（某处）出发
　～ from a small village　从一个小村子出发
　～ from one's chair　从椅子上跳起
　～ from the bushes　从灌木里冲出
　～ from the house　从家里出发
　～ from the idea　从这个想法出发
　～ from sleep　惊醒
　～ from the station　从车站出发
　～ in　使着手做一件工作
　～ in business　开始营业
　～ in life　步入人生
　～ sb in business　借钱使某人做生意
　～ on　着手做（某事）
　～ on a tour in China　开始在中国的旅游
　～ on another case　着手办另一件案子
　～ on one's journey　开始旅行
　～ with　从…开始，从…着手
　～ with a slight cough　从轻微咳嗽开始

　Well, I think we ought to be starting.　嗯，我看我们该出发了。
　The ship started.　船开了。
　When the rain started the crowd swarmed back into the hotel.　雨一开始下，人群就拥回旅社。
　He says he can smell out trouble before it starts.　他说他能在麻烦事儿发生之前就察觉出来。
　It's no good sighing about your failure, it is better to start again.　为失败叹息毫无益处，最好是从头做起。
　The car will not start.　汽车发动不起来。
　The engine won't start.　引擎发动不起来。
　At last the bus started.　公共汽车终于启程了。
　Someone spoke to me suddenly and I started.　有人突然和我说话，吓了我一跳。
　Her mother started when she heard the door open.　她母亲听到门开了，吓了一跳。
　He started at a loud noise.　他被一声巨响吓了一跳。
　We start tomorrow.　我们明天动身。
　I start to earn my own living this very afternoon.　就在今天下午我要开始自己挣钱了。
　When are you starting?　你什么时候动身?
　The train is starting in five minutes.　火车过五分钟就要开了。
　If you want to be a champion swimmer you've got to start young.　如果你想成为一名游泳冠军，必须从小就开始训练。
　Once he started a job, he saw it through till it was finished.　只要他着手做一件事，就非做完不可。
　We started the climb in the early morning of the next day.　第二天一早，我们就开始爬山了。
　The enemy were still asleep when we started the attack.　我们发动进攻时敌人还在睡觉。
　Let's start the meal. Who is going to serve?　我们开饭吧。谁来上菜呢?
　Will you please start this engine?　请你启动这台发动机好吗?
　Before you start the truck, you must check the engine.　发动卡车前，必须检查发动机。
　We'll start our journey as soon as you are ready.　你一准备好，我们就启程去旅行。
　A rich man started the enterprise.　一位有钱人创办了这家企业。
　What started the fire?　火灾是怎么引起的?
　A single spark can start a prairie fire.　星星之火，可以燎原。
　We made a loud cry to start the hare.　我们高声大喊以惊起那只野兔。
　The fire was started by a small child who had set some paper alight while playing with matches.　大火是由一个玩火柴把纸点燃的小孩引起的。
　Next, they started to construct the main canal.　然后他们开始修建主渠。
　When shall we start to get in the rice?　我们什么时候开始收割稻子?
　The students started to switch off after the first speech.　学生们听完第一个人发言后就开始心不在焉了。
　Adden switched off the radio and started to concentrate on his homework.　阿顿关掉收音机聚精会神地做功课。
　They have started to survey the country that the new motorway will pass through.　他们已开始测量这条新高速公路将要通过的农村。
　People started to stock up when a shortage of food was reported.　食品短缺报道后，人们开始贮备食品。
　The ice started to melt.　冰开始融化了。
　The wounds started to bleed again.　伤口又开始流出血来。
　The rubber trees they had planted were just starting to yield.　他们种的橡胶树刚开始产胶。
　As soon as we got there, it started raining.　我们一到那儿，天就下起雨来。
　They started working harder than ever.　他们更加起劲地干起来了。
　She picked her embroidery and started stitching.　她拿起刺绣活开始刺绣。
　She started working at the mill at 13, just after liberation.　她13岁时开始在厂里干活，那时刚解放。
　His criticism started me thinking seriously.　他的批评引起我认真思考。
　Any such news would start him worrying.　任何这类消息都会使他忧虑。
　It might be desirable to start the class discussing the different characters in a novel.　让全班讨论一部小说中的各种人物或许是可取的。
　He quickly started the engine working by pressing a button.　他按下按钮，引擎就很快地发动起来。
　You slide your coin into the machine here, and that is supposed to start it working.　你把硬币插入机器，这样机器就可以开动了。

 ♣ start back　(v.+adv.)
　〔说明〕 start back通常不用于进行体。
1. 开始返回 start a return journey
　They started back immediately when they got the news.　他们得到消息时，就立即返回去了。
2. 后退；突然后退 recoil; move back suddenly
　The noise made him start back.　他一听到那吵闹声就退了回去。
　She started back in fear when she saw them.　当她看到他们时，怕得退了回去。
 ♣ start for　(v.+prep.)
　动身去　begin a journey to a place
　I am on the point of starting for London.　我即将启程去伦敦。
　He started for his holiday with a light heart.　他怀着轻松的心情动身去度假。
 ♣ start in　(v.+adv.)
　开始工作〔活动，做事〕　begin work, activity, or doing sth
　If we start in at once, we can get the job finished early.　如果我们立即开始，我们就能早些结束这件工作。
　The children started in on the food without waiting for an invitation.　孩子们不等人请便开始吃了起来。
 ♣ start off　(v.+adv.)
　〔说明〕 start off通常不用于进行体。
1. 开始旅行 begin a journey
　They started off at dawn next day.　他们第二天拂晓出发了。
　Don't start off without telling me.　别不告诉我一声就出发。
2. 以…开始 begin with sth/doing sth
　Let's start the party off with a song.　让我们首先唱支歌儿来开始今天的聚会。
　I'll start off by using this piece of wood.　我用这块木料开始做。
　The story-teller started off by describing a beautiful princess.　讲故事的人从描述一个美丽的公主讲起。
3. 迅速跑开 move quickly away
　The rabbit started off as soon as it smelt the dogs.　兔子一嗅到有狗的气味便迅速跑开了。
　A hare started off into the forest.　一只野兔钻入树林。
 ♣ start out　(v.+adv.)
1. 启程，出发 begin a journey
　My younger sister started out for school on her bicycle.　我妹妹骑自行车出发到学校去了。
2. 开始〔着手〕做 begin with the intention
　He started out to write a novel.　他着手写一部小说。
　We must start out to support the just struggle.　我们一定要行动起来支持正义斗争。
 ♣ start out of　(v.+adv.+prep.)
　突然离开（某处）　leave somewhere suddenly
　His eyes nearly started out of his head when he saw the terrible sight.　当他看见那恐怖的景象时他的眼睛都快蹦出来了。
　Blood started out of the wound.　伤口突然往外冒起血来。
 ♣ start over　(v.+adv.)
　重新开始　begin again
　After the fire, we had to start over and build the business again from the beginning.　那场火灾之后，我们不得不再从头开始重建。
　Let's start over and see if we can get it right this time.　咱们从头再来一遍，看看是否这次能做对。
 ♣ start something
　惹事，惹麻烦　begin a fight, an argument, trouble, etc.
　〔说明〕 start something常用于口语。
　You shouldn't have spoken to him like that—you've really started something now.　你不该那样和他说话——这下你可闯祸了。
　Don't always try to start something when everything is running smoothly.　当一切都进行得很顺利时，不要总想惹是生非。
 ♣ start up　(v.+adv.)
　〔说明〕 start up通常不用于进行体。
1. 突然跳起 jump or leap up suddenly
　He started up in alarm.　他惊恐得蹦了起来。
　A hare started up at his feet and raced off.　有只野兔突然一蹦就跑掉了。
　The sudden ringing of the telephone made me start up.　突然响起的电话铃声吓了我一跳。
2. （使）开始运转 (cause to) begin functioning
　The machines all started up at the same time.　机器都在同一时刻开始了运转。
　She started the car up.　她发动了汽车。
　We couldn't start up the tractor this morning.　今天早晨我们没能够把拖拉机发动起来。
3. 开始；着手 begin; open; undertake
　He has started up a new business.　他开办了一项新业务。
　They have decided to start up a nursery in the factory.　他们已决定要在工厂里开办一个托儿所。

 ♣ start v-ing, start to-v
　start　后可接动名词也可接动词不定式，一般来说在意义上没有区别。不过：
1. 接动名词时常说明动作将持续下去，接动词不定式时只表示动作的开始。试比较：
　
2. 表示无意识地“开始做某事”时，用动词不定式的情况多些。例如：
　Suddenly it started to rain.　突然下起雨来。
3. 涉及多次活动时，用动名词的情况多些。例如：
　He used to start singing loudly when he felt frightened walking alone in the darkness.　当他独自在黑暗中走路感到害怕时，便常常唱起歌来。
4. 用于进行体时只能接动词不定式。例如：
　It was cold and starting to snow.　天很冷了，开始下起雪来。
 ♣ start, begin, commence, originate
　参见commence条。
 ♣ start, leave
　参见leave条。
 ♣ 下面两句意思相同：
　
 ♣ 下面各组中两句意思不同：
　
　

1. 我们明天5点动身去天津。
　［误］ We will start for Tianjin at five tomorrow.
　［正］ We start for Tianjin at five tomorrow.
　［析］ start表示“动身”时，通常用一般现在时表示将来，用于表达根据规定、计划预计要发生的动作或状态。
2. 他马上就动身。
　［误］ He is about to start at once.
　［正］ He is about to start.
　［析］ start表示“正打算动身”“正要出发”时不能和at once, immediately等时间状语连用。
3. 首先，我们没有足够的资金；其次，我们没有足够的时间。
　［误］ To start, we haven't enough money, and secondly we haven't enough time.
　［正］ To start with, we haven't enough money, and secondly we haven't enough time.
　［析］ 表示“首先”可用固定短语to start with，不可说to start.
4. 烟引起她咳嗽。
　［误］ The smoke started her to cough.
　［正］ The smoke started her coughing.
　［析］ 当动词start表示“引起…做某事”时，可接现在分词（短语）作其宾语的补足语，不可接动词不定式作其宾语的补足语。

1. C 开始，开端；出发　 a beginning of activity or development
2. C 起点，出发点　 a place of starting
3. C 抢先之量；先走〔跑〕之时〔距离　〕 the amount by which one person is ahead of another
4. C 吃惊，惊起　 a sudden uncontrolled movement, especially of surprise

　get the ～ of sb　比某人领先，占某人的上风
　give sb a ～　吓某人一跳
　have the ～ of sb　比某人领先，占某人的上风
　make a bad ～　开端坏
　make a good ～　开端好
　make a new ～　重新开始
　take a fresh ～　重新开始
　answering ～　相应的开端
　convulsive ～　骤然启动
　guilty ～　有罪的开端
　hopeful ～　有希望的开端
　infinite ～　无限的震惊
　involuntary ～　不由自主的开端
　longing ～　渴望的开端
　painful ～　痛苦的开端
　palpable ～　明显的开端
　reluctant ～　勉强的开端
　slight ～　轻微的一惊
　sudden ～　突如其来的震惊
　terrified ～　受惊的跳起
　theatrical ～　戏剧性的开端
　tremulous ～　激动的开端
　trouble ～　伤脑筋的开端
　undisguised ～　不加掩饰的惊异
　wrong ～　错误的开端
　after the ～ of the war　战争开始后
　at the ～　当初
　for a ～　首先，第一点
　from ～ to finish　自始至终
　with a ～　猛地，吃惊地
　awake with a ～　惊醒
　a ～ in business　事业的开始
　a ～ in life　事业的开始，开始谋生
　the ～ of a race　起跑

　It was love from the very start.　一见钟情。
　Everything is difficult at the start.　万事开头难。
　The new system was confronted with great difficulties at the start.　这项新系统刚开始就遇到了很大的困难。
　We're only at the start in our house-hunting.　我们找房子的事刚刚开始。
　The runners lined up at the start.　赛跑选手在起跑线排成一行。
　From the start, the plan was doomed to failure.　这个计划从一开始就注定要失败。
　They were bent on an early start the next day.　他们打定主意第二天一早动身。
　An early start will get us well ahead before the crowds.　早点动身，我们会远远走在人们的前面。
　We've made a good start; now it's time to consolidate.　我们有了一个良好的开端，现在应该加以巩固。
　The project jumped off to a good start.　工程很顺利地开始了。
　After a slow start, the team really opened up and hit 180 in two hours.　该队开场打得不好，但后来发挥得非常出色，在两小时内打了180分。
　Let's see how fast you can pick up from a standing start.　看看你站着起跑后能加速多快。
　It's getting late; we'd better make a start on the cooking.　天色渐晚，我们最好着手做饭。
　"How much start did they give you?""Not much, only 10 yards."　“他们让你先跑几码?”“不多，只有10码。”
　They didn't give him much start.　他们并没有给他许多有利条件。
　The thieves have a three-hour start on us so their track will be hard to follow.　小偷已走了三个小时，追踪起来很困难。
　I woke up from the bad dream with a start.　我从噩梦中惊醒。
　She gave a shuddering start as she became aware of someone standing behind her.　当她觉察到有人站在背后时，她吓得浑身一打战。
　We missed the start of the movie.　我们没看到电影的开头部分。
　The sound of the gun was the signal for the start of the race.　枪声是起跑的信号。
　You must enroll your child before the start of the school term.　你必须在学期开始前给孩子注册。

 ♣ for a start
　首先　as a first point
　You can't have a new car because for a start we can't afford one.　你不能有辆新车，因为，首先我们就买不起。
　No, you can't come to the pub—for a start you're not old enough.　不行，你不能来酒吧——首先，你年龄还小。
 ♣ from start to finish
　自始至终　all the time
　The opening ceremony was a grand spectacle from start to finish.　开幕式自始至终是一个极为壮观的场面。
　The game was thrilling from start to finish.　这场比赛自始至终都扣人心弦。
 ♣ get off to a good〔bad〕， etc. start
　开始时很好〔不好等〕　start well, badly, etc.
　A major order ensured that our business got off to a good start.　一份大额定货单确保了我们的生意有了良好的开端。
　The British runner got off to a bad start but had caught up with the leaders by the third lap of the race.　那位英国赛跑选手一开始并不顺利，不过在比赛的第三圈时赶上了领先者们。
　Their marriage got off to rather a shaky start.　他们的婚姻一开始就有些不稳固。
 ♣ make a fresh start
　重新做；白手起家　start from the beginning
　The new paint won't adhere to the walls so I'll have to strip it all off and make a fresh start.　新涂的油漆粘不住墙壁，因此我得把它们全部刮掉，重新刷过。
　I would like to move to another town and make a fresh start.　我想搬到另一个城市去，从头做起。

　［同义词］ v. begin, commence, initiate, jerk, jump, spring, switch n. beginning, onset, outset, shock, surprise, head, lead
　［反义词］ v. stop
　［词源］　古英语styrtan <中古英语sterten（开始）