| 词组 | much |
| 释义 | 1．much 不可修饰可数名词，如不可说 much people 或 much books，该把 much 改作 many。但 as much as ¥100 是可以说的，因为¥100 指 100 元的款，并不指 100 个 1 元。 指可以计数的东西的词，有时也被用来指那东西的“量”的多少而不指“数”的多少。在这种情形下，那个词一定是单数形式，前面便可以用 much，如 The American film was rejected by the Indian censor's office for exposing too much bosom 和 There is not much garden left behind the house。There is too much cinema, cigarettes and chocolates 这一句，把电影、香烟和巧克力糖看作一件东西似的。 2．下面两句都不合习惯： The coal is much here. Jack's money is much. 把这两句改作 There is much coal here 和 Jack has much money 似乎好一些，但远不及 There is a good deal of coal here 和 Jack has a good deal of money 普通。在口语里用 There is a lot of coal here 和 Jack has a lot of money 更普通。在否定句和疑问句里，用 much 却比用 a good deal of 或 a lot of 普通得多，如通常说 There is not much coal here 和 Jack has not much money，不说 There is not a good deal of（或a lot of）coal here 和 Jack has not a good deal of（或a lot of）money，通常说 Is there much coal here? 和 Has Jack much money? 不说 Is there a good deal of（或a lot of）coal here? 和 Has Jack a good deal of（或a lot of）money? There is much coal here 和 Jack has much money 虽然不普通，Much coal has been saved 和 Much money has been spent 却是普通的。关于这点，没有规则可说。 3．关于 much 和 very 的区别，下面几点该注意： （1）在属于原级的形容词或副词前面用 very，在属于比较级的形容词或副词前面用 much。例如： This is a very good book. This is a much better book than that. He speaks English very well. He speaks English much better than I do. （2）比较下面两句： He is the very best scholar in the city. He is much the best scholar in the city. 第一句里的 very 增强 best 的语气，第二句里的 much 也增强 best 的语气，注意 very 用在 the 后面，much 用在 the 前面，决不可说 very the best 或 the much best。 （3）在英国在 alive，alone，ashamed 等表语形容词前面用 much，不用 very，但用 much 不及用 very much 普通。在美国往往用 very，如very afraid。 （4）在用作形容词的现在分词前面用 very，如very interesting，very perplexing 和very satisfying。 在much enduring（相当持久）里用 much 而不用 very，注意这里的 much 原来是名词，作及物动词 endure 的宾语，much enduring 是从 enduring much 生出的。在用作“持久的”解的时候，enduring 是不及物动词 endure 的现在分词，前面该用 very，不用 much，如 a very enduring fame。 （5）在过去分词前面，该用 much 或 very，这问题很不简单，下面几点该注意： A．假使那过去分词是习惯上被用作普通形容词的，用 very，如 I am very tired 和 He is very celebrated（著名的）as a poet。究竟哪几个词是习惯上被用作普通形容词，可以举出 tired，celebrated，drunk 和 limited 几个词。但很多英美人把 amused，annoyed，attached，concerned（忧虑的），delighted，disgusted，excited，interested，pleased，surprised，troubled，upset，valued 和 worried 也看作这种词。在难以确定的时候，用 much（或 very much）比用 very 妥当，往往也可以用 greatly 或 highly。注意 tired，celebrated，drunk 和 limited 在用在 by 前面的时候并不是形容词，前面该用 much。例如：He was much tired by the task. B．假使那过去分词被用在表语用法里而那动词的动作是被施于那名词或代词所指的人或物的，用 much（或 very much），如 The boy was (very) much amused 和 The car was (very) much damaged。amuse(d) 的动作被施于 boy，如可以说 My joke amused the boy。damage(d) 的动作被施于 car，如可以说 The storm damaged the car。 C．假使那过去分词被用在表语用法里而那动词的动作并不是被施于那名词或代词所指的东西的，用 very，如 His look was very amused 和 Her tone was very annoyed。amuse(d) 的动作并不被施于 look，如不可说 My joke amused his look。annoy的动作并不被施于 tone，如不可说 Your behaviour annoyed her tone。这两句固然不很自然，但比 His look was much amused 和 Her tone was much annoyed 合理。 D．假使那过去分词被用在定语用法里而那动词的动作是被施于那名词所指的人或物的，用 much（或 very much）或 very 都可以，如 a (very) much amused boy 和 a very amused boy, a (very) much damaged car 和 a very damaged car。 E．假使那过去分词被用在定语用法里而那动词的动作并不是被施于那名词所指的东西的，用 very，如 his very amused look 和 her very annoyed tone。 通常被这样用的过去分词有： affronted, amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, bored, concerned, dejected, delighted, disconcerted, disgusted, embarrassed, exasperated, excited, frightened, horrified, hunted（追捕）, hurt, interested, irritated, moved（感动）, offended, pained, perplexed, pleased, preoccupied, puzzled, resigned, satisfied, scandalized, scared, shocked, startled, surprised, terrified, troubled, worried 通常被这样用的名词有： air（神情）, amazement, amusement, appearance, attitude, cry, expression, eye, face, glance, grin, interest, laugh, laughter, look, manner, silence（缄默）, smile, stare, surprise, tone, voice F．上面所讲的都是及物动词的过去分词。不及物动词的过去分词前面可以用 much（或 very much）的似乎只有 travelled，如 His father is a (very) much travelled man，可以用 very 的似乎只有 drunk（参见（5）A）。 4．nothing much 作“很少”解，much 是形容词，修饰 nothing，如 There is nothing much I don't know about him 和 I see nothing much wrong here。注意 nothing much wrong 和 nothing very wrong 两个单词的语法结构不同：第一种表达方式里的 wrong 修饰 nothing much，第二种表达方式里的 very 修饰 wrong。也见过 nobody much 作“几乎没有人”解。 anything much 前面加上了否定的词 nothing much 意思相同，如 there is not anything much I don't know about him 和 I do not see anyting much wrong here。这用法不及 nothing much 普通。 |
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