| 词组 | not | ||||||||||||
| 释义 | 1．关于 All...not...，Both...not...，Every...not...等句，参见 all 7，both 2和every 1 2．关于 not more，not less，not richer 等和 no more，no less，no richer 等的不同，参见 no 2 3．关于 He is not a fool 等句和 He is no fool 等句的不同，参见 no 3。注意不可说 He has not a wife，该说 He has no wife。 4．Is that...? Do you...? Can I...?等的否定式在正式英语里和口语里不同：在正式英语里用 Is that not...?或 Is not that...? Do you not...?或 Do not you...? Can I not...?或 Cannot I...?等。在口语里，用 Isn't it...? Don't you...? Can't I...?等。 相当于 Am I not...?的口语有 Ain't I...? An't I...?和 Aren't I...?有人以为都是不正当的，似乎 Aren't I...?最为人所反对。 5．现在通常说 do not know，did not know 等，不说 know not 和 knew not 等。但下面几点该注意： （1）It matters not...和 It does not matter...都普通。参见 matter 8 He moved not，She breathed not 等句往往比 He did not move，She did not breathe 等有力。 （2）He tried not to think of her, They deserve not to be treated that way 等句子里的 not 属于那后面的不定式，跟 tried 和 deserve 没有关系，tried 和 deserve 后面偶然接着 not，在结构上跟 know not 和 knew not 不同。He did not try to think of her 跟 He tried not to think of her 意思不同，They do not deserve to be treated that way 跟 They deserve not to be treated that way 意思也不同。这种不同相当于 He did not tell me to go 跟 He told me not to go 的不同。 （3）在回答疑问句 Will he come tomorrow?等的时候，可以说下面的任何一句：
注意这些句子里的 not 代替 that he will not come tomorrow。 6．在 5. (3) 里所举的 I beliveve not 等句等于： I believe that he will not come tomorrow. I hope that he will not come tomorrow. I suppose that he will not come tomorrow. I think that he will not come tomorrow. I am afraid that he will not come tomorrow. I fear that he will not come tomorrow. I fancy that he will not come tomorrow. I trust that he will not come tomorrow. I expect that he will not come tomorrow. I imagine that he will not come tomorrow. I should say that he will not come tomorrow. 但在习惯上 believe（或 suppose，think，fancy，expect，imagine，say 等）that...not...不及do not believe（或 suppose，think 等）that...普通，所以通常说： I do not believe that he will come tomorrow. I do not suppose that he will come tomorrow. I do not think that he will come tomorrow. I do not fancy that he will come tomorrow. I do not expect that he will come tomorrow. I do not imagine that he will come tomorrow. I should not say that he will come tomorrow. I do not hope that he will come tomorrow（我不希望他明天来）跟 I hope that he will not come tomorrow 意思不同，I am not afraid that he will come tomorrow（我并不怕他明天来）跟 I am afraid that he will not come tomorrow 意思也不同，I do not fear that he will come tomorrow（我并不怕他明天来）跟 I fear that he will not come tomorrow 意思也不同，I do not trust that he will come tomorrow（我不希望他明天来）跟 I trust that he will not come tomorrow 意思也不同。 7．注意下面各句的意思： I did not go to see him, but to see his father.（我不曾去见他，却去见他的父亲。严格地说，该说 I went not to see him but to see his father 或 I went to see not him but his father。） I did not go to see him.（我不曾去见他。） I did not go because I did not want to see him.（我因为不想见他而不曾去。） I did not go because I wanted to see him.（我不曾因为想见他而去［却为了其他原因］。严格地说，该说 It was not because I wanted to see him that I went。） 第二句也可能被解释为“我不曾因为想见他而去（却为其他目的），就是说“我是去的，但我的去并不以见他为目的”。第三句也可能被解释为“我不曾因为不想见他而去（却为了其他原因）”，就是说“我是去的，但我的去并不是因为我要避免见他”。第四句也可以被解释为“我因为想见他而不曾去”，就是说“我不曾去，因为我不去才能够见他”。在有可能被人误解的时候，该避免这种句子。 注意 He did not lock the door to（或 so as to 或 in order to）enable her to come in 这句是不成立的。说这句话的人的意思当然是“他不曾锁上门，使她能够进来”。但这句话的意思是“他不曾因为要使她能够进来而把门锁上”，是讲不通的。这句该改作 He left the door unlocked to（或 so as to 或 in order to）enable her to come in。下面是另外两个例子： You must not write carelessly to (或 so as to 或 in order to) make your meaning clear.（该改作 You must write carefully to [或 so as to 或 in order to] make your meaning clear。） I shall not smoke any more to (或 so as to 或 in order to) save money.（该改作 I shall stop smoking to [或 so as to 或 in order to] save money。） 8．注意下面各句里用 not being 和 not having，不用 being not 和 having not： Not being able to help him, I told him so. I told him of my not being able to help him. Not having any money in my pocket, I told him so. I told him of my not having any money in my pocket. Not having heard from him, I wrote again. I was annoyed at not having heard from him yet. 不可说 He seems to have not heard from her，该说 He seems not to have heard from her 或 He does not seem to have heard from her。He claims not to have seen her before 比 He claims to have not seen her before 正常。 9．He is a teacher，not a professor 等句子里在 not 前面可以加上 and，有时加上 but。 10．not 往往作“不满……”解，如 He is not twenty 是“他不满 20 岁”。He does not read five books a year 是“他每年读不满 5 本书”。not one in ten 是“十不得一”，This literature is still not two centuries old 是“这个文学还没有两个世纪的历史”。 比较下面两句： David has not been home for a month, and is getting anxious about his family.（戴维已经有一个月不在家，对于他的家庭渐渐焦虑起来了。） He has not been home for a month, but will leave for a distant city in a day or two.（他到家还不满一个月，但一两天以后就要动身到一个遥远的城市去。） 11．not impossible（并非不可能），not unconnected（并非没有关系），not without some fear（并非没有一些恐惧）等表达方式里的 not im-，not un-，not without...等相当于汉语里的“非不”、“不无”、“未始非”等语。 12．注意 Not for the whole world would I ever think of hurting her 里用 would I，不用 I would。not for the whole world 是 not 的强势式。 13．It was clear that the idea pleased him not at all 等句比 It was clear that the idea did not please him at all 语气重些。 14．下面三句意思相仿： What Tom has suffered!（汤姆受了怎样的苦！） What has Tom not suffered?（怎样的苦汤姆不曾受过呢？） What has Tom suffered!（汤姆受了怎样的苦！） 第一句是感叹句，第二句是修辞疑问句，第三句是倒装的感叹句（比较最不普通）。注意不可说 What has Tom not suffered!这句是从第二句和第三句混用而来的。 15．不可说 It is not black, but it is white，该把 it is 删去。参见 but 5 16．not only...but (also)...跟 both...and 受同样的规则的限制，如可以说 not only boys but (also) girls，也可以说 not only with boys but (also) with girls 和 with not only boys but (also) girls，但不可说 not only with boys but (also) girls。参见 both 4 17．not only...but also...里的 but 有时被省去。例如：Man has in fact not only domesticated wild animals, (but) also domesticated wild plants, especially those which bear edible fruit.有时 but 和 also 都被省去。例如：She was not only compelled to stay at home, (but) she was (also) forbidden to see her friends. 18．注意下面两句里用 is he 和 will the story，不用 he is 和 the story will： Not only is he deeply interested in the subject but (also) all his brothers study it night and day. Not only will the story prove interesting to us but (also) its English will help us in composition. |
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