| 词组 | as | ||||||
| 释义 | 1．such children as love their books 里的 as 是关系代词，用作 love 的主语。such books as are loved by children 里的 as 也是关系代词，用作 are loved 的主语。这样一讲，便知道 such books as are loved by children 里的 are 决不可省去，但这种 verb to be 很容易被忽略。例如： such points as are discussed in the book, such questions as are often asked by schoolboys, such preparations as are now being made, such arts as are practised by many 上述各种表达方式里 as 后面都必须有 are。 2．下面各句里的 as 都是关系代词： The author was brought up in a small village, as is recounted in some of his stories. As is announced in today's papers, all the schools will reopen on 1 September. The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in holidary season. As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary. Helen was somewhat crazy, as all her acquaintances could see. As you will find out, all is now settled. 各句里的 as 都指主句所表达的意思，如第一句里的 as 指作家在小村里长大这件事。as 的这种用法很普通，但也很容易被误认作连接词而加用 it。例如： The author was brought up in a small village, as it is recounted in some of his stories. As it is announced in today's papers, all the schools will reopen on 1 September. 这 it 是要不得的。这样用法的关系代词 as 一定属于单数形式，as are 和 as were 是不可能的。注意 English as it is spoken in South England 和 China as I see her 等表达方式里的 as 是连接词，不是关系代词，所以 it 和 her 不可少。 上面第一句和第二句里以 as 引导的从句都用属于被动语态的动词，那 is 可以省去，如 The author was brought up in a small village, as recounted in some of his stories 和 As announced in today's papers, all the schools will reopen on 1 September。 3．2里所讲的 as 是关系代词，下面各句里的斜体 as 也是关系代词。 Please come as soon as is possible. （is 通常省去） He shows a readiness to work as hard as is necessary on any and every occasion. She always acts as appears best to her. We must assume that the accident occurred as is alleged. （is 可以省去） 4．English as it is spoken in South England 里的 it is 可以省去，成为 English as spoken in South England，作“像英国南方所讲的那种英语”解，跟 English spoken in South England（没有 as）意思略有不同。又如 the name as mentioned in the letter, the results as announced in today's paper 和 the answer as given below。 注意上述各种表达方式里的名词前面都没有 such。假使有了 such，便该在那过去分词前面加上 verb to be，如such English as is spoken in South England 和such a name as is mentioned in the letter。参见 1 也得注意并非所有这类短语都可以在前面加上 such，在后加上 verb to be，如 Truth as opposed to falsehood 和 actual conversation as distinguished from imagined conversation 不可改作 such truth as is opposed to falsehood 和 such actual conversation as is distinguished from imagined conversation。 跟 as＋过去分词相仿的结构有 grammar as against idiom, absolute as distinct from relative（绝对的，别于相对的）等。 本节里所举的 as spoken，as mentioned，as announced，as given，as opposed 和 as distinguished 跟2里所举的 as recounted 形式上相同，但语法上不同，这里各种表达方式等于 as it is...或 as they are...，但 as recounted 等于 as is recounted。 5．下面各句都可以说，但用 her 和 him 比较普通些： 当然，Such a man as he is welcome 里的 he 不可改作 him，I recognized the man as him who had called in the morning 里的 him 不可改作 he。 6．照一般语法书说，as...as...用在肯定句里，so...as...用在否定句里，如 He is as old as she (is) 和 He is not so old as she (is)。但事实上并不都是这样。在否定句里用 as...as...也普通，在口语里更普通。如 He is not as old as she (is)。用了 as...as...有时暗示着那第二个 as 后面的人或物有着高程度的那形容词（或副词）所指的性质，如 He is not as old as she (is) 有时含有“她是老年人”的意思。 在 isn't，wasn't，don't，can't 等后面，尤其多用 as，如 He isn't as old as she (is) 比 He isn't so old as she (is) 普通，She doesn't work as quickly as her brother 比 She doesn't work so quickly as her brother 普通。但假使在形容词或副词前面加了 quite，却通常用 so 而不用 as，如 He isn't quite so old as she (is) 比 He isn't quite as old as she (is) 普通。 not so old as she (is) 不可能有“并非跟她同年（而比她年龄大）”的意思，not as old as she (is) 才可能有，所以 He is not as old as she (is), but much older 里的 as 不可改作 so。 7．He is as old as she 当然不错，但在口语里往往说 He is as old as her。 8．as 可以表示原因。例如：As you are busy, you need not go with me. 这样用法的 as 语气比 because 轻。它所引导的从句通常在主句前面。要是把以 as 引导的从句用在主句后面，那从句里所说的事该是对方所知道的，否则句子便不好，如 You need not go with me, as you are busy 是好句子（因为对方当然知道他自己很忙），但 I cannot go with you, as I am busy 便不好（因为对方未必知道我很忙）。即使那从句里所说的事是对方所知道的，如果句子比较长，也最好不用在主句后面，如 You need not go with me, as you are busy preparing your lessons and writing your exercises in various subjects 里该把as 从句用在主句前面。 As you are busy, you need not go with me 可说相当于 You are busy, so you need not go with me, As I am busy, I cannot go with you 可说相当于 I am busy, so I cannot go with you。注意用了 as 便不用 so，用了 so 便不用 as，不可两个单词都用。在两三百年以前这种两个单词都用的句子是普通的，但现在绝无仅有，不可仿效。As...so...现在并不作“因为……，所以……”解，却作“正像……，……”解。例如：As you like music, so I like poetry. 这句是“正像你喜欢音乐，我喜欢诗歌”，不是“因为你喜欢音乐，所以我喜欢诗歌”。 比较下面三句： In autocratic countries, as some are very rich, others are very poor.（在独裁统治的国家里，因为有些人很富，所以别人很穷。） In autocratic countries, some are very rich, so others are very poor.（意思同上句） In autocratic countries, as some are very rich, so others are very poor. （在独裁统治的国家里，正像有些人很富，别人很穷。） 9．As you are busy, you need not go with me 不可改作Just as you are busy, you need not go with me。As you like music, so I like poetry 可以改作Just as you like music, I like poetry。 10．beautiful as she is, late as he was, child as he is 等表达方式里的 as 都作“虽然”解。注意那形容词或名词该用在 as 前面，也要注意那名词前面没有 a。 这种结构里 as 前面不一定用形容词或名词，也有用副词或动词的。例如： Much as I should like to see you, I am afraid you may find it inconvenient to come in this hot weather. Search as they would, they could find nobody in the house. 但下面两句里的 as 并不作“虽然”解： Realizing as I do that I shall be very much occupied in the afternoon, I must send off all these letters this morning. Absorbed as he was in a mathematical problem, he did not notice my entering the room. beautiful as she is 当然是从属分句，主句的开首有时有 yet。例如：Beautiful as she is, (yet) she is not a pleasant companion. 11．so...as 和 so...that 不可混用，such...as 和 such...that 也不可混用，注意下面各句： Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. Here is so big a stone that no man can lift it. Here is such a big stone as no man can lift. Here is such a big stone that no man can lift it. 用了 as 便不用 it，用了 that 便用 it。as 是关系代词，that 是连接词。也许有人要说：as 也可以用作连接词，that 也可以用作关系代词，那末不是 it 的用和不用没有关系了么？这道理也讲得通，可是习惯总是习惯，是不可改动的。 12．as 用作“当……的时候”解的时候引导的从句里的动词不可作将来时态，如不可说 Count the children as they will enter the room，该把 will 删去。比较下面两句： Please post this letter for me as you pass the post-office. （当你经过邮局的时候，请替我寄这封信。） Please post this letter for me as you will pass the post-office. （因为你将经过邮局，请替我寄这封信。） 13．8里说过 as 在表示原因的时候语气比 because 轻。Because it is getting late, we must start at once 可以改作强势式 It is because it is getting late that we must start at once。但 As it is getting late, we must start at once 不可改作 It is as it is getting late that we must start at once。 14．so...as to...（不定式）跟...enough to...（不定式）相当，如 Write so carefully as to make every sentence clear 和 Write carefully enough to make every sentence clear。注意不可用...enough as to...，如不可说 Write carefully enough as to make every sentence clear，该把 as 删去。 15．as from 主要用在法律、契约、公告等文件里，作“从……日开始”解。例如：The library will be open to the public as from 6 May, 2001．和As from 6 May, 2001 the library has been open to the public. 在一般文字里不该用它。如不可说 I shall use my bicycle as from Wednesday next，该把 as 删去。 16．The editor has bronght the material up to date as of May. 2001 里的as of 主要用在正式文件里。His air as of having forgotten about something important puzzled me 里的 as of 作 like that of 解，现在比从前少用。 17．as per 作“依照”解，是商业文件里的陈套语，如as per your request 和as per our records。在一般文字里不该用它。该用 according to。 18．He often talks to me as if（或as though，现在 as if 比 as though 普通得多）he were my father 等于 He often talks to me as he would talk if he were my father。were 属于虚拟语气，不该改作 is，下面两句都有错： The party goes on as if（或 as though）nothing has happened. They are running about as if（或 as though）they are madmen. has 该改作 had，are 该改作 were。 但在 It looks as if（或 as though）和 It seems as if（或 as though）后面往往用属于现在时态的动词。例如：It looks（或 seems）as if（或 as though）a storm will soon come. 不过有些语法家以为这里总该把 will 改作 would。He is running about as if（或 as though）he were a madman 和 He is running about as if（或 as though）he was a madman 都可以说，不过有些语法家以为总该用 were。 He ran about as if（或 as though）he were a madman, He ran about as if（或 as though）he was a madman 和 He ran about as if（或 as though）he had been a madman 都可以说，但用 were 不及用 was 普通，用 had been 很不普通。 19．as for 和 as to 都可以用在句首，作“至于……”解。例如：As for（或 As to）his father, I do not know him at all. 但 as to 可以用在句中，作“关于……”解，as for 却不可，如 I am in doubt as to his nationality 和 Nothing as to his past is known 两句里的 as to 都不可改作 as for。 as to 这样用作“关于……”解很普通，有些英美人不赞成，说它意思模糊，但用得适当，意思并不模糊。不过该注意，在可能用确切些的介词的时候，最好不用 as to，如下面各种表达方式里的介词不该改作 as to：
20．as to 往往是多余的，如下面各句里的 as to 该删去： I asked him as to what he wanted. I do not care as to when she will arrive there. Doubt is expressed as to whether they are safe or not. An interesting question remains as to where the rare plant is to be found. 21．as to 不但往往被多余地使用，而且往往引起语法上的毛病。如An interesting question remains as to where the rare plant is to be found 里的 as to 虽然是多余的，却不算错，但The question remains as to where it is to be found 要算错了，因为the question 该有一个 indirect question 做它的同位语。同样地，the doubt as to...也是错的。 It is not quite clear as to where the rare plant is to be found 等句子里的 as to 用得更错，因为句首的 It 指 where the rare plant is to be found 这一从句，这从句属于主格，当然不可同时作 as to 的宾语。 还有用了 as to 很容易把它后面该用的 to 忘掉，如下面各句里斜体的 to 很容易被忘掉（实际是不可省的）： I want to find out as to whom these papers belong to. He advised me as to whom I should apply to for help. No information is obtainable as to to what extent things have improved. 22．as to 里的 to 是介词，不是不定式的符号，so as to...和 such as to...里的 to 是不定式的符号，不是介词，比较下面各句： As to writing English, he cannot do much. We must work hard so as to serve the people better. The problem is such as to interest only a few. 23．as for 只可以用在句首，通常全句有轻视或消极的意思。例如： As for that young man, I am ashamed of him. As for the other books, nobody looks upon them as of much importance. As for a visit to the city, I am afraid it is out of the question at present. 通常不说： As for that young man, I am proud of him. As for the other books, everybody looks upon them as of great importance. 24．as best I（或 you 等）can 和 as well as I（或 you 等）can 都作“竭力地”解，注意第一种表达方式里 best 后面没有 as。 25．as it is，as it was 和 as it were 三种表达方式不可混用。as it is 和 as it was 都作“在事实上”或“就实际情形而论”解，第一种表达方式属于现在时态，第二种表达方式属于过去时态，如 As it is, we cannot help her 和 As it was, we could not help her。As it were 意思大不相同，作“好像”、“有几分相似”或“未尝不可说”解，were 属于虚拟语气，可以用在任何时态的句子里。例如：He is（或 was，或 has always been）, as it were, friends with his dog. 26．(so far) as concerns，as follows 和 as regards（这里 regards 后面不可加上 to）三种表达方式里的动词都有 s，不可更改。 27．as well as 跟 and 不同，也跟 not only...but (also)...不同，A as well as B=not only B but also A，作“不独 B，而且 A”解。I am a Chinese, but I have foreign friends as well as Chinese friends 是通的，I am a Chinese, but I have Chinese friends as well as foreign friends 却讲不通。 28．A, B, as well as C 是不该用的，如不该说 I read French, German, as well as English。“我不仅读英语，而且读法语和德语”该说 I read French and German as well as English。 29．as well as 是连接词，不是介词，如不可说 He advised me as well as answering my question，该把 answering 改作 answered。He is a painter, engineer, and poet as well as being a sculptor 里的 being 该删去。 30．both...as well as...是错误的，绝对不可用。 31．not only...but...as well 颇有人用，但不及 not only...but also...或 not only...but...普通。 32．下面两句意思不同： I shall not go as well as you. （你将去，但我将不去。） I, as well as you, shall not go. （你将不去，我也将不去。） 33．as and when 是公文里的陈套语，如 As and when we get further particulars, we shall let you know。用 when 就够了。 |
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