| 词组 | discourse markers in writing |
| 释义 | Contents overview discourse markers in writingaddition: in additionaddition: in addition in addition 284.210037all the sameall the same 284.210079at leastat least 284.310177brieflybriefly 284.110262conclusion: in conclusionconclusion: in conclusion in conclusion 284.110377despite this/thatdespite this/thatdespite thisdespite that 284.210458extent: to some extent, etcextent: to some extent, etc to some extent, etc 284.210609grantedgranted 284.210740in conclusionin conclusion 284.110885in shortin short 284.110888in the same wayin the same way 284.210890it is true (that): discourse markerit is true (that): discourse markerit is trueit is true that discourse marker 284.210959lastlylastly 284.110999moreovermoreover 284.211129neverthelessnevertheless 284.211161nonethelessnonetheless 284.211188on the one handon the one handon the one handhand 284.211251reference: with reference toreference: with reference to with reference to 284.111485secondly, thirdly, etcsecondly, thirdly, etcsecondlythirdlyfourthly, thirdly, etc 284.111552similarlysimilarly 284.211600sum: to sum upsum: to sum up to sum up 284.111707to some/a great extentto some/a great extentto some extentto a great extent 284.211814to sum upto sum up 284.111816to a great/some extentto a great/some extentto some extentto a great extent 284.211818true: it is true thattrue: it is true that it is true that 284.211840what is morewhat is more 284.211937whereaswhereas 284.211945with reference towith reference to 284.111977284 discourse markers in writingDiscourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges and written text (e.g. first of all, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up). English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common in writing are discussed here; for discourse markers in speech, 301. Most discourse markers are adverbs or adverbial expressions; some are conjunctions. For differences in punctuation and other points, 283.Discourse markers can communicate several things:'What am I talking about?' Discourse markers can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and changes of topic.'What am I doing?' They can show the type of communication that is going on.attitude They can show a writer's attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the reader's expectations.1What am I talking about?Some discourse markers say what a writer is about to focus on, and may show a link with previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.focusing: with reference to; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concernedWith reference to your letter of 17 March, I am pleased to inform you …Regarding the proposal to reinvest all profits, it was felt that further discussion was needed.As regards other aspects of social policy, the government of the day was under great pressure to improve health care.As far as heart disease is concerned, saturated fats are considered to be a principal danger.subdividing: first of all; firstly, secondly, etc; in the first place; before turning to; lastly; finally First of all, it is important to distinguish two main types of problem. Secondly, solutions to both need to be evaluated.Before turning to the question of finance, the directors discussed minimum staffing levels.Finally, it is appropriate to mention the contribution of his family to his success.new subject: turning now to …Turning now to his years in America, we will trace his gradual acceptance by the scientific establishment.returning to previous subject: to return to the previous pointTo return to the previous point, it would be a mistake to overlook the basic need for research.summing up: in conclusion; to sum up; briefly; in shortIn conclusion / To sum up, it seems clear that none of the factors already discussed contributed to the spread of the epidemic.Briefly, three senators have been accused of fraud, bribery and tax evasion in the past three years, but they have all been cleared of these charges by other senators.In short, the decision to invade was a disastrous error of judgement.2What am I doing?Some discourse markers make it clear what kind of communication is going on.generalising and exceptions: on the whole; to a great extent; to some extent; in general; in all/most/many/some cases; broadly speaking; apart from; except forOn the whole / In general, people like to help others.On the whole / In general, the higher an individual is in the social strata the less likely he or she is to be arrested, prosecuted and (if prosecuted) found guilty.In some cases, an unhappy childhood can lead to criminal behaviour.To some extent, people's religious views tend to reflect those of their parents.Broadly speaking, trees can be divided into two groups: evergreen and deciduous.Central European languages, except for / apart from Hungarian, are related to each other.showing a logical or causal connection: consequently; therefore; as a result; so; thenAtmospheric pressure is lower at altitude. Consequently, climbers can find it difficult to get enough oxygen.Unfortunately, your examination marks did not reach the required standard. Therefore we are unable to offer you a place.His first novel was a remarkable success. As a result, he was offered a contract to write a sequel.showing similarity: similarly; in the same way; just asRussia relies on its grain harvests to feed its population. Similarly / In the same way, India and China are dependent on rice.Just as some children have imaginary friends, others invent complicated past events that never happened.showing a contrast: nevertheless; nonetheless; despite this/that; yet; however; in spite of this/thatThe Greeks and Romans had no symbol for zero. Nevertheless/Nonetheless, they made remarkable progress in mathematics.Their father died when they were small. In spite of that / Despite that, they had a happy childhood.England has occasional heavy snowfalls in January and February. However, most winters are relatively mild.balancing contrasting points: on the one hand; whereas; while; on the other handOn the one hand, we need to reduce costs. On the other hand, investment in research is a crucial priority.Arranged marriages are common in many Middle Eastern countries. In the West, on the other hand, they are unusual. (not … on the contrary, they are unusual. 428)He liked the mountains, whereas/while his wife preferred the sea.persuading: after all (361)It is scarcely surprising that he chose a military career. After all, his father and both his grandfathers were professional soldiers.contradicting: on the contrary; quite the oppositeThe violin is not easy to play well. On the contrary, it is one of the most challenging instruments.Do not be afraid that people will look down on you because of your regional accent. Quite the opposite, in some professions your accent may be your most interesting and valuable possession.concession: it is true (that); certainly; granted; if; may; of coursecounter-argument: nevertheless; nonetheless; however; even so; but; still; all the sameThese expressions are often used in a three-stage argument structure:We say something that points in a certain direction.We agree (the concession) that there are facts that point in the other direction.But we finish (the counter-argument) by going back to the original position.… cannot agree with colonialism. It is true that the British may have done some good in India. Even so, colonialism is basically evil.He was incapable of lasting relationships with women. Certainly, several women loved him, and he was married twice. All the same, the women closest to him were invariably deeply unhappy.Very few people understood Einstein's theory. Of course, everybody had heard of him, and a fair number of people knew the word 'relativity'. But hardly anybody could tell you what he had actually said.His poetry was popular, and, if difficult to understand, nonetheless had a good deal of charm.Note the use of certainly and of course in the above examples. When they are used in this way, an experienced reader knows that they will be followed by but, all the same or a similar expression.adding: moreover; furthermore; further; in addition; what is more; also; besidesAir travel is tiring. Moreover/Furthermore, it is generally uncomfortable and expensive.The school was old and badly heated, and classes were large. In addition, her teacher was an elderly lady who was simply counting the days till her retirement.… pleasant to drive and cheap to run. What is more, it is one of the most reliable small cars on the market.Besides his energy and enthusiasm, I was also attracted by his sense of humour.giving examples: e.g.; in particular; for instance; for exampleFor many artists of the period, e.g. Holbein or Cranach, painting was a family business.He was not a very sociable person. In particular, he hated having to talk to strangers at parties.Some of those groups, for instance / for example the Beatles or the Rolling Stones, became fabulously wealthy.3attitudeSome discourse markers express the writer's attitude to what he/she is saying, or modify what is being said to make the communication more effective.showing writer's attitude: no doubt; honestlyThe government, no doubt for excellent reasons, has reduced unemployment benefit. (No doubt is often ironic: the writer may not be at all sure that the reasons are good.)This student has worked hard, but I honestly do not feel able to recommend her for a scholarship.making things clear: that is to say; in other wordsWe may be human, but that does not make us different from similar species. That is to say, we share many of the instincts of other territorial mammals.The colonial powers gave great importance to economic advantage. In other words, they wanted to make as much money as they could out of the colonies.softening and correcting: in my view/opinion; apparently; so to speak; that is to say; more or less; really; at least; actuallyHis work has been savagely criticised. In my view, however, the majority of these criticisms are unfounded.He was not in fact very efficient. That is to say, he not always very good at organising his work. At least, that was what his associates repeatedly said.The government did not keep all of its promises, though actually, it did keep quite a number of the less expensive ones.dismissing what was said before: in any caseThis expression means 'What was said before doesn't matter – this is the real point.'Historians differ regarding the ultimate causes of the First World War. In any case, it is clear that British and German expansionism played a crucial role.referring to the hearer's/reader's expectations: in fact; actuallyThese expressions introduce information that will contradict (usually) or perhaps confirm what the hearer or reader thinks. It is generally believed that Marquez died in the civil war. In fact / Actually, recent research shows that he survived and fled to Bolivia, where …4reporting verbs showing attitudeSome reporting verbs can show the writer's attitude to what is being reported. Suggest and imply make it clear that he/she is not reporting definite facts. Claim often throws doubt on what follows.These findings suggest/imply that a cure for the common cold may be close.The Minister claims that the new working practices will increase efficiency by 35%.Allege is common in reports of unproved criminal accusations.It is alleged that, during the night of June 17th, Hawkins broke into the factory.Previous Next |
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