词组 | tradition |
释义 | convention, custom, ethos, folklore, manner, mores, practice These words refer to established patterns or instances of typical behaviour of a group, community or culture. Tradition in its broadcast sense refers to knowledge and doctrines as well as patterns of behaviour transmitted from generation to generation. More specifically, tradition means a particular observance so long continued that it has almost the force of law: the tradition calling for the Governor-General to declare Parliament in session. Custom refers to the habitual pattern of behaviour of a community or people. A custom , while well established in usage, does not have the force of a tradition ; tradition emphasizes more strongly historical significance: the custom of shaking hands; the tradition by which the bridegroom places the wedding ring on the finger of his bride. A convention is a rule or approved technique, and is applied to the arts as well as to conduct: the convention in the Elizabethan theatre of employing boys to enact the roles of women; the convention of wearing a coat and tie to business; dinners flouting convention by drinking white wine with steak. Whereas custom suggests a long-standing cultural habit relatively independent of the influence of ephemeral fashions, a convention might be considered an expression of the manners of a people, manners in this sense referring not to etiquette but he modes of social behaviour prevailing in a group during a particular period. Observing convention therefore implies a measure of conformity, even if unconscious, whereas observing a custom implies only the enacting of a habit shared with a great many other people. Manners in the sense here considered is often applied to literary works; a novel of manner is a novel describing the social attitudes and behaviour of a group of people – often a stratum of society – in a given place at a given time. Manner , on the other hand, refers to a typical or customary way of doing something, especially a characteristic style used in one of the arts: painted in the manner of Rubens. Practice refers to a usual way of acting, working or behaving – in short, a custom – but, unlike custom , it implies a voluntary choice: the whalers’ practice of discarding the fins; the traditional university practice of insisting on certain minimum entrance qualifications. In a related sense practice refers to individual habit: it was his practice to read several books a week on a variety of subjects. Ethos , mores and folklore are terms most often encountered in sociological contexts. Ethos means the underlying and distinctive character or spirit of a people, group or culture. The ethos of a group is seldom recognized by the members of that group, but it is nevertheless implicit in their manners and finds expression in their folklore . Folklore is not restricted to behavioural patterns, but applies also to the study of customary patterns of thought and emotional attitude, and is thus more closely allied to tradition than to manners . Mores refers to the established, traditional customs regarded by a social group as essential to its preservation and welfare: the Christian mores of marriage and family life; ascetic Puritan mores . Mores is often used to refer to any prevalent moral attitudes or social customs : teenage mores placing a high value on "going steady." SEE: history, rite, usual. |
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