These words are concerned with the presentation of supporting evidence in discussion, analysis or argument. Cite is a highly specific word, precisely directed to this concept. To cite an example is to bring it forward as proof or illustration of a point. Cite almost always suggests a backing up of assertions by authoritative investigation or knowledge, rather than a mere hazarding of guesses. In particular, cite often implies a collection or repository of sources or examples that any other investigator could easily go to for corroboration: The bibliography cited more than a hundred source books that the author had consulted. Cite may also suggest that a complete and detailed presentation of an argument is being given: to cite the reasons behind President Roosevelt’s abstention from war prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour.

Of all these words, refer is the definite in suggesting how much or how little corroborating evidence will be presented. A treatise might merely refer to well-known facts in passing, on the assumption that they will be familiar to everyone. On the other hand, especially in verbal discussions, refer may imply the looking up of authoritative information about the point in question: to refer to the dictionary; turning to the Bible in order to refer to the exact wording of a disputed quotation.

Adduce means to bring forward for proof or consideration, and may refer to an example, argument or item of evidence. It suggests a succinct listing of the details that support a case, although each detail might be sketched rather than developed in full: adducing reasons why the United States should have entered the war in 1939. One might refer to definitive proof that the world is round, but one would have to be more specific in order to adduce the reasons why this is known to be true. In other instances, adduce may be closely synonymous with the other words in this set; but it is much more formal and may seem unduly erudite or stuffy in tone.

Quote refers to an exact, word-for-word citation of one’s sources. If one cites another person’s arguments, one may be paraphrasing them. But if one claims to be quoting those arguments, then one is responsible for reproducing them exactly as they appear in the source.

• The Prime Minister had typescripts of his speech handed out, since he was all too familiar with the inability of journalists to quote his remarks accurately.