| 词组 | and |
| 释义 | and And can be used to link noun groups, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, or clauses. ◊ linking noun groups When you are talking about two things or people, you put and between two noun groups. I'll give you a nice cup of tea and a ginger biscuit. ...a friendship between a boy and a girl. When you are linking more than two noun groups, you usually only put and in front of the last one. The small canoes were taking such things as dried indigo, cotton, beeswax, and hides to the big canoes. The local authorities list the extra houses, roads, parks and old people's homes that will have to be provided. ◊ linking adjectives You put and between two adjectives when they come after verbs such as 'be', 'seem', and 'feel'. The room was large and square. The bed felt cold and hard. When there are more than two adjectives after one of these verbs, you usually only put and in front of the last one. We felt hot, tired, and thirsty. The child is generally outgoing, happy and busy. When you use two or more adjectives in front of a noun, you do not usually put and between them. ...a beautiful pink suit. ...rapid technological advance. However, if the adjectives are colour adjectives, you must use and. ...a black and white swimming suit. Similarly, if you are using adjectives which classify a noun in a similar way, you use and. ...a social and educational dilemma. You also use and when you put adjectives in front of a plural noun in order to talk about groups of things which have different or opposite qualities. Both large and small firms deal with each other regularly. ...European and American traditions. ◊ WARNING You do not use and to link adjectives when you want them to contrast with each other. For example, you do not say 'He was fat and agile'. You say 'He was fat but agile'. We are poor but happy. ...a small but comfortable hotel. ◊ linking adverbs You can use and to link adverbs. Mary was breathing quietly and evenly. They walk up and down, smiling. ◊ linking verbs You use and to link verbs when you are talking about actions performed by the same person, thing, or group. I shouted and hooted at them. They just sat and chatted. If you want to say that someone does something repeatedly or for a long time, you can use and after a verb, and then repeat the verb. They laughed and laughed. Isaacs didn't give up. He tried and tried. In conversation, you can sometimes use and after 'try' or 'wait' instead of using a 'to'-infinitive clause. For example, instead of saying 'I'll try to get a newspaper', you say 'I'll try and get a newspaper'. Note that in sentences like these you are describing one action, not two. I'll try and answer the question. I prefer to wait and see how things go. ◊ WARNING You only use and like this when you are using the future tense of 'try' or 'wait', or when you are using the infinitive or imperative form. If you go and do something or come and do something, you move from one place to another in order to do it. I'll go and see him in the morning. She would come and hold his hand. In conversation, if you say that someone has gone and done something, you are expressing annoyance at something foolish that they have done. That idiot Antonio has gone and locked our door. ◊ linking clauses And is often used to link clauses. I came here in 1972 and I have lived here ever since. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use and to say what will happen if something is done. For example, instead of saying 'If you go by train, you'll get there quicker', you can say 'Go by train and you'll get there quicker'. Do as you're told and you'll be all right. You put me out here and you'll lose your job tomorrow. You do not normally put and at the beginning of a sentence, but you can sometimes do so when you are writing down what someone said, or writing in a conversational style. Send him ahead to warn Eric. And close that door. I didn't mean to scare you. And I'm sorry I'm late. ◊ omitting repeated words When you are linking verb groups which would contain the same auxiliary, you do not need to repeat the auxiliary. Having washed and changed, Scylla went out on to the verandah. Similarly, when you are linking nouns which would have the same adjective, preposition, or determiner in front of them, you do not need to repeat the adjective, preposition, or determiner. ...the young men and women of England. My mother and father worked hard. ◊ 'both' for emphasis When you link two word groups using and, you can emphasize that what you are saying applies to both word groups by putting both in front of the first word group. See entry at ↑ ◊ negative sentences You do not normally use and to link groups of words in negative sentences. For example, you do not say 'She never reads and listens to stories'. You say 'She never reads or listens to stories'. He was not exciting or good looking. See entry at ↑ However, you use and when you are talking about the possibility of two actions occurring at the same time. For example, you say 'I can't think and talk at the same time'. You also use and if two noun groups occur so frequently together that they are regarded as a single item. For example, 'knife' and 'fork' are always joined by and even in negative sentences such as 'I haven't got my knife and fork'. Unions haven't taken health and safety as seriously as they might have done. When two noun groups are regarded as a single item like this, they almost always occur in a fixed order. For example, you talk about your knife and fork, not your 'fork and knife'. For a list of pairs of words of this kind, see entry at ↑ |
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