| 词组 | by |
| 释义 | by ◊ used in passives By is most often used in passive sentences. If something is done or caused by a person or thing, that person or thing does it or causes it. He was brought up by an aunt. The defending champion, John Pritchard, was beaten by Chris Boardman. This view has been challenged by a number of workers. I was startled by his anger. His best friend was killed by a grenade. When an '-ed' word is used like an adjective to describe a state rather than an action, it is not always followed by by. Some '-ed' words are followed by 'with' or 'in'. The room was filled with pleasant furniture. The railings were decorated with thousands of bouquets. The walls of her flat are covered in dirt. ◊ used with time expressions If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time. He can cook the tea and be out by seven o'clock. By 1940 the number had grown to 185 million. I arrived a mile outside the town by mid-afternoon. Note that by can only be used with this meaning as a preposition. You do not use it as a conjunction. You do not say, for example, 'By I had finished my lunch, we had to start off again'. You say 'By the time I had finished my lunch, we had to start off again'. By the time I went to bed, I was absolutely exhausted. ◊ used to describe position You can use by to say that someone or something is at the side of a person or object. I sat by her bed. There were lines of parked cars by each kerb. Next to is used in a similar way. She went and sat next to him. There was a bowl of goldfish next to the bed. ◊ WARNING You do not use by with the names of towns or cities. You do not say, for example, 'I was by Coventry when I ran out of petrol'. You say 'I was near Coventry when I ran out of petrol'. ...on a country road near Belfast. Mandela was born near Elliotdale. ◊ saying how something is done By can be used with various nouns to say how something is done. You do not usually put a determiner in front of the noun. The money will be paid by cheque. We heard from them by phone. I always go by bus. However, if you want to say that something is done using a particular object or tool, you often use with, rather than 'by'. With is followed by a determiner. Clean mirrors with a mop. He brushed back his hair with his hand. After 'watch', 'look', or 'see' you usually use through followed by a determiner. He's looking at them through a magnifying glass. You can use by with an '-ing' form to say how something is achieved. They were making a living by selling souvenirs to the tourists. He then tries to solve his problems by accusing me of being corrupt. |
| 随便看 |
英语用法大全包含2070条英语用法指南，基本涵盖了全部常用英文词汇及语法点的翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。