1. vt. & vi.摩擦　 rub harshly together, especially with a circular motion
2. vt. & vi.磨碎；嚼碎　 crush to grains or powder between millstones, the teeth, etc.
3. vt.旋转　 work by turning
4. vt.压迫；折磨　 oppress or crush

　～ an axe　磨斧子
　～ the faces of the poor　榨取贫民之膏血
　～ glass　碾磨玻璃
　～ a pound of coffee　碾一磅咖啡
　～ super-profits　榨取超额利润
　～ teeth　咬牙切齿
　～ away　把…碾成粉末，磨破，用坏
　～ down　碾碎，磨成粉，折磨，压迫
　～ out　压榨出，（乐器等）单调地奏出
　～ out a tune on an organ　用手风琴奏出一曲
　～ up　把…磨成粉，磨细
　～ away at　刻苦认真地干
　～ away at duties　努力工作/学习
　～ away for　为…刻苦用功
　～ away for an exam　用功准备考试
　～ into　把…磨成，向（某人）灌输
　～ corn into flour　将谷磨成粉
　～ wheat into flour　把麦子磨成面粉
　～ grammar into sb's mind　费很大劲教某人语法
　～ on the rocks　（船）触礁
　～ to　把（某物）粉碎或磨成（粉末）
　～ sth to fine powder　将某物磨成粉末
　～ sth to pieces　将某物磨碎
　～ to a halt　（汽车）嘎的一声停下来
　～ with sand and water　用沙和水碾磨

　This wheat grinds well.　这种麦子很好磨。
　He ground a knife.　他磨了小刀。
　Some people grind their teeth while they're asleep.　有些人睡着时会磨牙。
　She is grinding the flour.　她正在磨面粉。
　Facer grinded coffeemill.　费瑟转动了磨咖啡机。
　Grind him a pound of coffee.　给他磨一磅咖啡。
　Would you please grind a pound of coffee for me?　请给我磨一磅咖啡好吗?

 ♣ grind away　(v.+adv.)
1. 把…碾成粉末 keep on crushing sth into powder
　This old mill has been grinding away for over 50 years. 　50多年来，这间老磨坊一直在磨粮食。
2. 磨损〔用坏〕… destroy (sth)
　The steps have been ground away by the passing feet of many visitors over the centuries.　几个世纪以来，台阶在络绎不绝的来客脚下磨损了。
3. 苦干〔学〕；反复不断地干 work or study hard and long at (sth); work continuously at (sth)
　〔说明〕 grind away不用于被动结构，常用于进行体。
　She grinds away at history studies.　她在历史学习方面下了很多功夫。
　My friend is grinding away at English and preparing for TOEFL.　我的朋友正在苦读英语，准备参加托福考试。
　Yes, I'm still grinding away at the same old job.　不错，我仍在干我那无聊的老行当。
　She's grinding away for the college entrance exams.　她正在埋头苦学，准备大学入学考试。
 ♣ grind down　(v.+adv.)
1. 用磨等磨碎；用牙嚼碎 crush to grains or powder between millstones, the teeth, etc.
　Mills used to use heavy stones to grind down the wheat into flour, now they use more modern machine.　过去，磨坊用沉重的石磨把小麦碾成面粉，现在则使用了现代化的机器。
　Mother usually grinds down the food for the baby.　母亲一般要把食物嚼碎再喂给婴儿。
　This rock can be ground down for road-building material.　这种石头可碾碎作为筑路材料。
2. 压迫，折磨 oppress or crush
　Slaves were mercilessly ground down by slave holders.　奴隶受奴隶主的残酷压迫。
　Most of the people were ground down by hunger and poverty.　大多数人受着饥饿和贫穷的折磨。
 ♣ grind in　(v.+adv.)
1. 以强力将（某物）压入另一物使之难以移动 force (sth) in so that it's difficult to remove
　I can't get the dirt out of this carpet, it's been ground in.　污物已渍入地毯，我清除不了。
2. 〈非正〉刻苦攻读以牢记… force (sth usually acknowledge) in so that it's difficult to forget
　Your only hope of passing the examination is to have these facts ground in by endless repetition.　你要不断重复，牢记这些知识，这是你通过考试的唯一希望。
 ♣ grind into　(v.+prep.)
1. 把…磨碎〔磨成粉末〕 crush to grinds or powder between millstones
　She ground wheat into flour.　她把麦子磨成面粉。
　The dirt was deeply ground into the carpet.　泥土被深深地踩进地毯里。
2. 将（某物）碾〔压〕进（另一物的表面） press (sth) into or onto (a surface)
　He ground the enemy's face into the dirt.　他把敌人的脸按进泥土。
　In anger, he ground his knee into the man's stomach, and hit him in the face.　盛怒之下，他用膝盖挤压那个人的肚子，还揍了他的脸。
3. 〈非正〉向（某人）灌输（知识） force (knowledge) into (sb)
　The teacher works too hard trying to grind useless facts into the children.　那位老师过于起劲地向孩子们灌输没有用的知识。
　His parents tried to grind English into his head.　他的父母费尽心力地往他脑子里灌英语。
 ♣ grind out　(v.+adv.)
1. 沙哑地讲 speak (sth) in a rough voice
　〔说明〕 grind out常不用于进行体。
　Dying of thirst, the desert traveller ground out a request for water.　这个沙漠旅行者几乎要渴死了，嗓音沙哑地说要喝水。
2. 生产出；创作出 produce (sth); create (sth)
　This machine grinds out the crushed rock ready for road building.　这台机器碾碎用来筑路的石头。
　She grinds out romantic stories for the Women's Magazines.　她为《妇女杂志》一篇又一篇地撰写谈情说爱的小说。
　The so-called poet ground out some verses.　这个所谓的诗人搜索枯肠作成几句诗。
3. 弹奏 keep on playing (music)
　When did the pianist stop grinding out the same old tunes?　那位钢琴家何时才会停止弹奏那几支老曲子呢?
　He ground out a tune on an organ.　他用风琴奏出一曲。
 ♣ grind to a halt　(v.+prep.+n.)
　慢慢停下　come slowly but surely to a stop
　〔　说明〕 grind to a halt不用于被动结构。　
　The truck ground to a halt.　卡车慢慢停下来了。
　We saw the automobile grind to a halt when the engine blew up.　我们看见那辆车因为发动机出故障而慢慢地停下来了。
　The old car ground to a halt in front of the shop.　那辆旧车在商店前面慢慢地停下来了。
 ♣ grind together　(v.+adv.)
　使在一起挤压〔摩擦〕　cause to rub things roughly together
　All night she grinds her teeth together, keeping me awake.　她整夜咬牙，吵得我睡不着觉。
 ♣ grind under　(v.+prep.)
1. 在…之下碾，压… press (sth) beneath (sth)
　He threw the cigarette down and ground it under his heel.　他把烟卷丢到地上，用脚踩灭。
2. 以（权势）欺压（某人） control (sb) cruelly with the power
　The powerful lords were guilty of grinding the villagers under their heels.　那些大领主的罪过是以权势欺压村民。
 ♣ grind up　(v.+adv.)
　把…磨成粉末　crush (sth) into small pieces or powder
　They ground this rock up for road building.　他们碾碎这些石头用来筑路。

 ♣ grind, scrape, scratch
　参见scrape条。

1. S 磨，碾　the act of grinding
2. S 苦差事，苦活儿　a long steady tiring effort of movement

　coarse ～　粗磨
　real ～　真正的苦差事

　Marking examination papers is a real grind.　批改试卷的确是件苦差事。

　［同义词］ v. grate, mill, polish, sharpen
　［反义词］ v. dull, take the edge off
　［词源］古英语grindan（磨）