1. vt.拿，抱，握住　 have a thing in one's hands; have and keep fast in or with the hands or some other part of the body
2. vt.包含；容纳　 contain; have a capacity of
3. vt. & vi.举行，进行　 have; cause to take place; make sth happen
4. vt. & vi.保持，持续　 remain unchanged; last
5. vt.认为，相信　 believe

　～ a baby in one's arms　怀抱孩子
　～ a banquet　举行宴会
　～ a belief　相信
　～ a book in one's hands　手中拿着一本书
　～ a box together　把箱子钉牢
　～ a celebration　举行庆祝会
　～ a ceremony　举行仪式
　～ a chair　抓住椅子
　～ a cigarette between the lips　叼着一根香烟
　～ a consultation　磋商，协商
　～ a conviction　坚信
　～ a council of war　开军事会议
　～ a court　开庭
　～ a dance　举行舞会
　～ a debate　举行辩论
　～ a demonstration　举行示威游行
　～ a discussion　展开讨论
　～ a general election　举行大选
　～ a hammer in the hand　手拿锤子
　～ a high opinion　对某人有好感
　～ a meeting　举行会议
　～ a military base　拥有军事基地
　～ a military manoeuvre　举行军事演习
　～ a military parade　举行阅兵
　～ a parcel　提着包
　～ a pen　拿着钢笔
　～ a pipe between the teeth　嘴里衔着烟斗
　～ a platform by pillars　用柱子支撑平台
　～ a rally　举行群众集会
　～ a referendum　举行公民投票
　～ a rein　握住缰绳
　～ a strange view　有奇妙的见解
　～ a test tube　握住试管
　～ a wedding ceremony　举行婚礼仪式
　～ all one's clothes　装下所有的衣服
　～ an argument on some question　就某问题进行辩论
　～ an examination　举行考试
　～ an exhibition　举办展览
　～ an important office　担任一重要职务
　～ an opinion of one's own　坚持自己的意见
　～ attention　吸引某人的注意力
　～ captive　拘捕
　～ copy　读原稿，作校对助手
　～ counsel　进行商量，听取意见
　～ court　主持法庭会议，举止高贵
　～ each other's hands　互相握手
　～ electric torch　拿着电筒
　～ everything　停止，等一下
　～ fire　忍着不表态
　～ games　举办运动会
　～ ground　坚守阵地，一步不退
　～ intercourse with a person　与人交往
　～ land　拥有土地
　～ many people　容纳很多人
　～ milk　装有牛奶
　～ much property　拥有许多资产
　～ one's emotions　控制某人的感情
　～ one's hand(s)　握住某人的手，谨慎，留余地
　～ one's hands at one's side　两手扶腰
　～ one's head high　趾高气扬，骄傲
　～ one's nose　用手掩鼻，保持沉默
　～ one's peace　保持沉默，不开口
　～ one's seat　保留座位
　～ one's temper　忍住怒气
　～ one's tongue　保持沉默
　～ position　担任职务
　～ power　掌权
　～ right　保持权力
　～ salt　装盐，含有盐
　～ sb's attention　吸引某人注意
　～ sb's talk　制止某人讲话
　～ shares　拥有股份
　～ silence　保持安静
　～ the attention of the audience　吸引住听众
　～ the bag　受害
　～ the bridge　支撑着这座桥
　～ the cards in one's hands　稳操胜券，握有成功的手段
　～ the child by the hand　手领着孩子
　～ the city　占领该城
　～ the first position　占第一位
　～ the flowers　拿着花
　～ the fort　固守堡垒，毫不示弱
　～ the job　拥有这份工作
　～ the line　别挂断电话
　～ the office of chairman　担任主席职务
　～ the place of adviser　担任顾问的职务
　～ the price increase to a minimum　把价格的上涨控制在最低限度
　～ the rein　掌权，执政，支配
　～ the sheep by the horns　抓住羊角
　～ the stage　继续活跃在舞台上
　～ the title of model worker　享有劳动模范的称号
　～ the weight of sb/sth　支撑某人或某物的重量
　～ water　不漏水，论点站得住脚
　～ cheap　看不起，不重视
　～ dear　看得起，珍视，看重
　～ good　有效，适用
　～ long　持续下去
　～ true　有效，有理
　～ aloof　不接近，不参与
　～ fast　紧紧抓住
　～ automatically　自动控制
　～ cheaply　虚伪地认为
　～ concurrently　兼任某职
　～ conscientiously　真心实意地认为
　～ deferentially　谦逊地认为
　～ desperately　拼命地抓住
　～ dexterously　敏捷，灵巧地抓住
　～ diplomatically　举行外交仪式
　～ disdainfully　认为不屑一顾
　～ firmly　紧紧抓住
　～ gingerly　兢兢业业地供职
　～ hungrily　渴望持有
　～ inviolably　不可侵犯地拥有
　～ jealously　戒备地控制住，妒忌地认为
　～ obstinately　顽强地控制
　～ permanently　持久拥有
　～ personally　个人以为
　～ proudly　自豪地认为
　～ securely　安全可靠地固定住
　～ staunchly　坚定地相信
　～ stoutly　断然地制止，坚决地继续进行
　～ strictly　严格遵守
　～ strongly　强烈地认为
　～ stubbornly　顽固地认为
　～ tenderly　温和地托着，慎重地决定
　～ tentatively　暂时地控制住
　～ tremulously　颤抖地握着
　～ universally　普遍认为
　～ back　犹豫，阻止，积攒，储蓄，隐瞒，忍住
　～ back some important information　隐瞒一些重要消息
　～ back ten dollars　扣下10美元钱
　～ back the wheel of history　阻止历史车轮前进
　～ forth　提供，提出
　～ forth hopes of recovery　有复原的希望
　～ forth the possibility　提供…的可能性
　～ down　使降低，使保持低水平，使不提高，控制或压制（某人），保持（职位等）
　～ down a good job　保有一个很好的职位
　～ down food prices　不让食品涨价
　～ down one's eyes　垂下目光
　～ down one's head in shame　羞愧地低下头
　～ down people　镇压人民
　～ down student intake　减少招生人数
　～ down the city's population　减少城市人口
　～ down the enemy's reinforcements　牵制敌人的援军
　～ off　（使）保持一段距离，（使）推迟
　～ off the invaders　抵挡入侵者
　～ on　继续抓住某物，系住，固定住，继续，持续，等候
　～ on a correspondence　与…保持联系
　～ on one's way　不顾干扰地继续前进
　～ out　伸（手），伸手（拿或放），坚持要求，坚持到底，隐瞒，拖延答复
　～ out a bad example　举出一个坏的例子
　～ out a promise　作出许诺
　～ out against　经受得住，顶住
　～ out one's hand　伸出手来
　～ out the worker's pay　扣发工人的工资
　～ out till victory　坚持到胜利
　～ out unlimited prospects　前途无量
　～ power over　有支配…的权力
　～ together　使团结在一起
　～ up　举起，展示，托住，支持住，使停滞，耽搁，拦路抢劫，列举出（榜样），授人以（笑柄），（理论等）经得住（检验）
　～ up a large blue banner　举着一面蓝色大旗
　～ up one's hand　举起某人的手，投降
　～ up one's head　抬起头，打起精神
　～ up the bank　抢劫银行
　～ up the roof　支撑屋顶
　～ up the work　停工
　～ back from doing sth　阻止某人做某事
　～ off from answering　迟迟不作回答
　～ off from people　和别人保持一段距离
　～ off from smoking　戒烟
　～ against the enemy　反抗敌人
　～ demonstration against sb　举行游行示威反对某人
　～ strike against　举行罢工反对
　～ as　扣押作…
　～ at arm's length　冷漠对人
　～ by　坚持，忠于
　～ by one's principles　遵循自己的原则
　～ in　约束，克制
　～ in abhorrence　厌恶，痛恨
　～ in balance　使不稳定，悬而未决
　～ in derision　嘲笑某人
　～ in esteem　尊重，尊敬
　～ in estimation　尊重某人
　～ in honour　尊重，尊敬
　～ in memory　记住
　～ in one's temper　克制自己的脾气
　～ in place　使…保持固定位置
　～ in play　使劳动，使有事做
　～ in pledge　抵押
　～ in position　使…位置固定
　～ in regard　尊重，尊敬
　～ in respect　尊重，尊敬
　～ in trust　保管
　～ onto　紧紧抓住，抓牢，坚持，不改变，忠于
　～ onto one's plan　不放弃自己的计划
　～ out against the enemy　抵抗敌人
　～ over　以…要挟，威胁
　～ it over sb　以此要挟某人
　～ to　坚持，信守
　～ to a promise　遵守诺言
　～ to derision　嘲笑某人
　～ to ransom　绑某人的票
　～ a candle to the devil　助纣为虐，为虎作伥
　～ under control　控制
　～ with　赞成，同意，和…持同一意见
　～ with excessive drinking　赞成酗酒
　～ one's sides with laughter　捧腹大笑

　I hope the fine weather holds until they arrive home, at least.　我希望这好天气至少持续到他们到家。
　Winter still holds.　冬天还没有过去。
　How long will this fine weather hold?　这种好天气能持续多久?
　Will the coal hold through the voyage?　煤够全部航程使用吗?
　Will the rope hold?　这绳子不会断吧?
　How long will the anchor hold?　这锚能稳住多久?
　These nails will not hold.　这些钉子经不住。
　The rule doesn't hold in this case.　在这种情况下这条规则不适用。
　The contract still holds.　合同仍然有效。
　What he said still holds.　他说的话仍然有效。
　The weather holds fine.　天气依旧晴朗。
　The weather will hold warm.　天气会一直暖和下去。
　I fear this fine weather won't hold long.　我担心这种天气不会持久。
　The sellers hold firm.　卖方毫不让价。
　Prices hold comparatively firm.　物价保持相对稳定。
　This colour will hold fast.　这种颜色是不会褪色的。
　The enemy attacked fiercely, but the line held firm.　敌人发动了疯狂的攻击，但我们的阵地是稳固的。
　The argument does not hold good.　论据不能成立。
　The contract holds good for three years.　这合同有效期三年。
　Does the principle still hold good?　这一原则还有效吗?
　This principle holds good only in this place.　这条规则仅在这个地方有效。
　This rule doesn't always hold good.　这条规则并不是永远适用的。
　Your remarks do not hold good in this case.　你的话在这个场合不适用。
　It holds good for any place.　它适用于任何地方。
　This rule holds true in every case.　这一规则适用于任何情况。
　Do you think these regulations still hold true?　你认为这些规章仍然适用吗?
　This proposition holds true no matter how you apply it.　不管你怎样应用它，这个设想是正确的。
　We will hold responsible for their safety.　我们将对他们的安全负责。
　They must hold fully responsible for all the consequences arising therefrom.　他们必须对由此产生的后果负完全的责任。
　Do you think who are to hold responsible for this state of affairs?　这样的局面你看应由谁负责?
　Hold the baby a minute, please.　请把孩子抱一下。
　They held me so that I could not move.　他们抓住了我，我一点儿也动弹不了。
　She held me by the sleeve.　她抓着我的袖子。
　The girl was holding her father's hand.　那女孩握住她父亲的手。
　We held each other's hand, not knowing what to say.　我们握住彼此的手，不知说什么好。
　You should hold the rail, it is dangerous here.　这里太危险了，你应抓紧护栏。
　The police held the thief.　警察抓住了小偷。
　She holds a pen, thinking.　她握着笔思考着。
　The lifeguard held the drowning man's head above water.　救生员把溺水者的头托出水面。
　He held the pipe between his teeth while he was typing.　他打字的时候，用嘴叼住烟斗。
　She was holding her sides with laughter.　她捧腹大笑。
　There is no holding him.　没办法约束他。
　Hold the dogs so the strangers can pass.　把几条狗管住，陌生人才好过路。
　She tried hard to hold her tears.　她极力忍住眼泪。
　Hold your breath under water.　在水下要屏住呼吸。
　We held our breath in the dark, for fear of being discovered.　我们在黑暗中屏住呼吸，唯恐被人发现。
　They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.　他们会把你的行李保存在车站等你去取。
　He held that appointment for two years.　那个职务他担任了两年。
　They shall hold office until the next regular election.　他们的职务将担任至下届正式选举为止。
　They don't hold the power to hire or fire at will.　他们没有雇用或随意解雇的权力。
　The State Council holds the executive power.　国务院掌握行政权力。
　He has held the political power for ten years.　他掌握的政治权力已有10年了。
　He holds the rights to hunt on this land.　他有在这片地上狩猎的权利。
　In our country people are encouraged to hold their views and express them in the open.　我国鼓励人们持有自己的观点并公开讲出来。
　He holds some strange ideas.　他有一些奇怪的想法。
　His friends hold a high opinion of him.　他的朋友们对他评价很高。
　My car holds four people comfortably.　我的车子能舒服地坐四个人。
　This bus can hold about fifty people.　这辆公共汽车大约能坐50人。
　The stadium holds sixty thousand people.　这个体育场能容纳6万人。
　The jar holds water.　坛子装满了水。
　Sea-water holds many salts in solution.　海水中溶有多种盐。
　The higher the temperature, the warmer the air, and the more water vapor it can hold.　温度越高，空气越热，它所含的水汽就越多。
　This nail won't hold such a heavy mirror.　这个钉子挂不住这么重的一面镜子。
　We'll have to use large screws to hold that shelf in place.　我们得用大螺丝钉来固定那块搁板。
　Yesterday we held a meeting to discuss our plan.　昨天我们开会讨论计划。
　That evening they held a feast in honour of some foreign guests.　那天晚上他们设宴招待外宾。
　The strikers held demonstrations to demand better working conditions.　罢工的人举行示威要求改善工作条件。
　A fever held him for a week.　他发烧一个星期了。
　There is no holding him when he is angry.　当他生气时，制止不了他。
　None of his arguments seems to me to hold water.　在我看，他的论点没有一个能成立。
　The theory may hold water.　这理论经得起考验。
　He was held at the station house.　他被拘留在警察局里。
　He was held in custody for two weeks.　他被拘留了两个星期。
　A meeting will be held next week.　下星期要召开一次会议。
　Chinese film weeks will also be held in other cities.　在别的城市里也将举办中国电影周。
　A great protest meeting in their support will be held tomorrow.　明天将举行抗议集会来声援他们。
　The banquet is being held in an atmosphere of friendship and cordiality.　宴会在热情友好的气氛中进行着。
　He held that his ground was right.　他相信他的立场是正确的。
　We hold that no country should interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.　我们认为一国不应干涉他国内政。
　In ancient time, people held that the earth was flat.　在古代，人们认为地球是平的。
　The theory holds that the universe was endless.　这种理论认为宇宙是无边无际的。
　People once held that the earth was flat.　人们曾经认为地球是扁平的。
　I hold that he is an honest man.　我认为他是个诚实的人。
　I hold that they are wrong.　我认为他们是错误的。
　He holds that the plan is impracticable.　他认为那计划不切实际。
　He holds that you are the right man.　他认为你是合适的人选。
　The scientist held that the cannabis was dangerous.　科学家认为麻醉剂具有危险性。
　Plato held that the soul is immoral.　柏拉图相信灵魂是不朽的。
　We have always held that internal affairs of each country should be settled by its own people.　我们一贯坚持各国的内部事务应由本国人民自己解决。
　They hold it self-evident that all men are created equal.　他们认为一切人都生而平等是不言而喻的。
　Some students hold it necessary to be able to speak English.　有些学生认为能讲英语是非常必要的。
　He held it convenient to come at once.　他认为立即来这儿很方便。
　They don't hold it a sin to steal.　他们认为偷东西不是罪。
　His speech held them silent.　他的演讲使他们寂静无声。
　We held her the best of all the students in the class.　我们认为她是班上最好的学生。
　The court held him innocent.　法庭认为他无罪。
　Hold yourself upright when you walk.　走路时身体要挺直。
　We've held the job open for him for two weeks now.　我们已将这个工作位置为他保留两周了。
　I hold you responsible.　我要你负责。
　We hold him cheap because he does nothing all day.　我们瞧不起他，因为他整天什么也不干。
　She held herself upright and was grave in manner.　她挺直着身子，态度很严肃。
　These are principles which I have held dear all my life.　这些原则是我一生中所非常重视的。
　The captives held their hands high.　俘虏们把手举得高高的。
　The little boy held his head high.　这个小男孩把头抬得高高的。
　Hold yourself still for a second while I take your photograph.　我给你拍照的那会儿，你别动。
　It is hard for a child to hold himself still while being photographed.　小孩在拍照时很难做到身子不动。
　I couldn't hold the door closed.　我没法把门关上。
　Sophia held the telegram concealed in her hand and its information concealed in her heart.　苏菲娅将电报藏在手里，而把电报的内容藏在心里。
　They hold him to be a fool.　他们认为他是个傻瓜。
　They held this way to be workable.　他们认为这个方法是可行的。
　The president is held accountable.　总统负有说明的责任。
　The evidence was held by the court to be inadmissible.　根据法庭的意见，这条证据不能成立。

 ♣ hold back　(v.+adv.)
1. 阻碍，阻止 restrain
　The police held back the crowd.　警察挡住了人群。
　If they had not held him back, he would have beaten you black and blue.　如果不是他们挡住他，他已把你打得遍体鳞伤。
　They tried to hold us back when we fought the enemy.　我们和敌人战斗时，他们想制止我们。
　He was so impatient that I could hardly hold him back.　他是那样急躁，我简直拉不住他。
　Now that the end's in sight, nothing can hold him back.　终点已经在望，什么也阻止不了他继续前进。
　No one can hold back the wheel of history.　谁也无法阻挡历史车轮的前进。
　They built dykes and dam to hold back the rising flood waters.　他们修筑了堤坝来阻挡上涨的洪水。
　Shortage of capital was a factor holding back economic development.　缺乏资金是阻碍经济发展的一个因素。
2. 控制；抑制 control
　Jim was able to hold back his anger and avoid a fight.　吉姆总算抑制住了愤怒，从而避免了一场殴斗。
　They are accustomed to holding back their emotions.　他们习惯于抑制自己的感情。
　Though very angry, I held back from telling him exactly what I thought.　尽管我非常生气，仍克制自己未将我的感想告诉他。
3. 隐瞒，保留 keep a secret; keep or delay
　The laboratory has been advised to hold back any announcement of its findings.　实验室已得到通知，不要宣布发现的成果。
　They held back some important information.　有一些重要情况他们没讲。
　Do not hold back the truth.　别隐瞒真相。
　We were sure he was holding something back from us.　我们肯定他有些情况没告诉我们。
4. 犹豫不决 be slow or reluctant to do sth
　Mary is afraid of people; she always holds back when we take her to a party.　玛丽怕见生人，我们带她参加聚会时她总是畏缩不前。
　When danger appeared, every one of them held back.　当危险到来的时候，他们每一个人都退缩了。
　Buyers are holding back.　买主们不愿出价。
　Because of the uncertain state of the market, buyers are holding back.　由于市场不稳定，买主都踌躇不前。
 ♣ hold down　(v.+adv.)
1. 压住，使固定 keep on the ground or in place
　He took a dictionary to hold down the test papers for fear that they might be blown away by the wind.　他拿了本词典压住试卷，以防被风吹掉。
　We must hold down the tents because of the strong wind.　风很大，我们必须把帐篷固定好。
2. 限制，控制 control
　When my father is in bad temper, no one can hold him down.　我父亲发脾气时，没人能让他安静下来。
　Hold down that noise! Mother is sleeping.　声音小一点！妈妈在睡觉。
　The government has done something to hold down food prices.　政府已经采取措施控制食品价格上涨。
　We must try to hold prices down.　我们必须设法降低物价。
　They were blamed for their failure to hold down expenditure.　他们因未能缩减开支而受到责备。
3. 镇压，压制，使屈服 keep at a low level or make to give in
　They tried every means to hold down the workers on strike.　他们采取一切手段镇压罢工工人。
　How long can a small force of mercenaries hold down an entire people?　一小股雇佣军能把整个人民压制多久呢?
　You won't be able to hold such a man down.　你是无法叫这样的人屈服的。
　The whole nation was held down by the cruel rule of the king.　整个国家处于国王的残酷统治的压制之下。
 ♣ hold forth　(v.+adv.)
1. 长篇大论地讲；侃侃而谈 speak at length
　I've never seen anyone who could hold forth so long.　我从没见过这么说话没完没了的人。
　When we left the room he was still holding forth on his adventures.　我们离开那房间时，他还在侃侃而谈他的历险记。
2. 〈正〉给予；提供 give or offer
　Senator Smith held forth a suggestion.　史密斯参议员提出了一项建议。
 ♣ hold in¹　(v.+adv.)
　抑制，压抑　control (feelings, etc.); control oneself
　He was so tempted to laugh that he could scarcely hold himself in.　他太想笑了，几乎控制不住自己。
　Jane was very much abused by the landlady, but she held in her temper.　简被女房东狠狠地骂了一顿，但是她没有发脾气。
 ♣ hold in² 　(v.+prep.)
　〔说明〕 hold in通常不用于进行体。
1. 拿着；抱住；夹住 keep or support with a part of the body, especially with the hands
　He held a magazine in his hand.　他手里拿着一本杂志。
　She held her baby in her arms.　她抱着她的小孩。
　She held the pen in her teeth.　她把钢笔咬在嘴里。
2. 托住；支持住 keep in the stated position or condition
　She was holding her face in her hands.　她用双手托住脸。
3. 以…对待 treat sb by sth
　They all held him in ridicule.　他们都讥笑他。
　They all held him in great esteem.　他们都很敬重他。
　They held the imperialism in contempt.　他们鄙视帝国主义。
　He is held in regard.　人们不怎么尊敬他。
　He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.　他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。
　A man who is cruel to his children should be held in contempt.　虐待自己孩子的人应受鄙视。
　The Prime Minister is held in the greatest respect.　首相备受拥戴。
 ♣ hold off　(v.+adv.)
1. 拖延，被拖延 fail to arrive; delay
　The rain held off and they went out.　雨没有下起来，他们外出了。
　He held off for half an hour because of the rain.　因为下雨，他晚了半个小时才动身。
　If the rain holds off for a few days more, they can finish the planting.　如果这场雨还能晚几天再下，他们的种植任务就可以完成了。
　The storm has held off so far. Let's hope it will move away.　现在风暴已延缓了，但愿它能过去。
　Their attorney has promised to hold off legal action for another week.　他们的律师已答应把诉讼再延迟一个星期。
　They're holding off their decision because of changing conditions.　由于情况变化，他们迟迟不作决定。
2. 抵抗；抗拒 resist
　A squad of our troops held off six attacks of a numerically superior enemy.　我们部队的一个班打退了在人数上占优势的敌人的六次进攻。
　We used five columns to hold off enemy reinforcements.　我们使用了五个纵队来阻止敌人的增援部队。
3. 使…疏远，使不接近 fail to arrive; cause to keep at a suitable distance
　Hold your cat off.　把你的猫赶走。
　Finally he came to realize it was his haughtiness that held people off.　他终于意识到是他的傲慢态度使人不敢同他接近。
 ♣ hold on　(v.+adv.)
1. 等一等，停一停 wait or stop
　〔说明〕 hold on通常用于祈使句。
　Hold on! I'd like some of that apple-pie too, you know!　等会儿！你要知道我也想吃一些苹果派。
　Hold on for a minute, I've just got to put on my makeup.　等一会儿，我得化装一下。
2. 抓紧不放 maintain a grip or footing
　Hold on, Zhang Long!　抓紧，张龙！
3. 〈口〉别挂电话 wait (often on the telephone)
　She told the speaker to hold on while she was going to call the man he wanted to speak to.　她告诉说话的人不要挂电话，她就要去叫通话的人。
　The operator asked the caller to hold on until a connection was made.　接线员请打电话者不要挂断，等候电话接通。
4. 坚持 persist
　I'll stay in Mexico as long as my money holds on.　只要我的钱还能维持一天，我就在墨西哥呆一天。
　They were holding on, waiting for the reinforcement.　他们仍然坚守，等待援军的到来。
　It was rather hard to fulfil the task, but they held on and overfulfilled it.　虽说完成任务是困难的，但是他们坚持干下去，结果超额完成了任务。
　He was determined to hold on this job whatever difficulties he might run into.　他下定决心，不管碰到什么困难，都要坚持做这工作。
　I'm pleased to know that you still hold on a correspondence with her.　听说你和她仍保持着通信联系，我很高兴。
 ♣ hold onto　(v.+prep.)
　紧紧抓住，不卖出　grip tightly
　My child holds onto my hand tightly while we cross the street.　横穿马路时，孩子紧拉着我的手不放。
　It was so windy that I had to hold onto my hat all the way along the street.　风很大，走在街上我只好一路抓住帽子。
　How long can the climber hold onto the cliff?　这个登山者能抓住悬崖多久?
　Don't panic, just hold onto that rock and I'll come to fetch you down.　别怕，你只要抓住那岩石，我就接你下来。
　The old man held onto his job stubbornly and would not retire.　那老人倔强地不肯脱离工作岗位，不愿意退休。
　You should hold onto your company and it will get better.　别卖掉你的公司，它会好起来的。
　You should hold onto your oil shares.　你应当握紧你手中的石油股票，不要卖出。
 ♣ hold out　(v.+adv.)
1. 伸出，张开 extend; stretch (sth such as a hand) forward
　Hold your arms out.　伸出手臂。
　Seeing her son again after two years' absence, Mother held out her arms to embrace him.　离家两年再次见到儿子时，母亲张开双臂拥抱他。
　They held out the hand of friendship to me.　他们向我伸出了友谊之手。
2. 拿出，提出，提供 offer sth
　She held out her new skirt for us to see.　她把新裙子拿出来给我们看。
　In his speech he held out a special example.　他在讲话中举了一个很特别的例子。
　Radio astronomy investigations seem to hold out the best hopes of obtaining such proof.　射电天文学的调查研究似乎提供了获得此种证据的最大希望。
3. 顶住，坚持 continue to resist
　We must hold out till victory.　我们必须坚持到胜利。
　In spite of the earthquake damage, the residents are holding out in their determination to remain in their village.　尽管地震造成了破坏，居民们还是决心不离开村子。
　Our troops cannot hold out much longer against the superior force of the enemy.　面对敌人的优势我们的部队不可能坚持很久。
　The strikers held out for a raise of five cents an hour.　罢工的人坚持要求每小时增加5分钱。
　I hope this good weather will hold out for another week.　我希望这好天气能再持续一个星期。
4. 呈现 appear
　This state of things holds out a cheerful prospect.　事态呈现出可喜的前景。
5. 隐瞒，保密 keep a secret from sb
　I don't know why he's been holding out on me.　我不知道他为何一直瞒着我。
　Why didn't you tell me at once, instead of holding out on me?　你为什么不立即告诉我，而瞒着我呢?
　The police suspected him of holding out on information important to the case.　警方怀疑他隐瞒了有关这件案子的重要情况。
 ♣ hold over　(v.+adv.)
1. 推迟，延续 move to a later date
　The meeting holds over until next week.　会议延期至下星期召开。
　The matter held over until the next meeting.　这件事推迟到下次会上再讨论。
　The judge said he would hold over the case till the next sitting of the court.　法官说他将把这一案件推迟到下次开庭再审理。
　As for the hero's fate, I will hold it over for my next book.　关于主人公的命运问题，我将留到下一本书中再谈。
　The matter was held over until the next meeting.　此事被延至下次会议解决。
2. 保留，留用 continue using
　Would you please hold over the rest of the goods?　请将其余货物保存起来好吗?
3. 继续上映 continue (a show) longer than originally planned
　They are going to hold that movie over for a week again, it's very successful.　他们打算把那部片子再继续上映一周，上座率非常好。
 ♣ hold to　(v.+prep.)
1. 紧握 adhere; clasp
　Hold firmly to the rail.　紧紧抓住栏杆。
　Hold to my hand while we cross the street.　我们过马路时，你要抓住我的手。
2. 坚持 persist in holding an opinion, principle, belief, etc.
　The ship held to its course in spite of the storm.　尽管遇上了暴风雨，轮船还是没有改变航向。
　If we believe something is true and good, we should hold to it.　如果我们认为一件事是正确的而且有好处，就应该坚持下去。
　I've tried to tell him he's wrong, but he still holds to his original opinion.　我试图让他知道自己错了，但他仍坚信原来的想法。
　After considering various alternatives we decided to hold to our first plan.　考虑了几种不同的可以采用的方案之后，我们决定仍用最初的计划。
　I hold to what I have always said.　我仍然坚持我一贯的说法。
 ♣ hold together　(v.+adv.)
　把…结合在一起；团结一致　remain firm or united, or be complete or consistent
　I've tied up the parcel with string, but I'm afraid it won't hold together.　我已把那个包用绳捆上了，只是怕捆不牢。
　You can't be defeated as long as you hold together.　只要你们团结起来，就不会被打败。
　The country needs a leader who will hold the nation together.　这个国家需要有一个能把全民族团结起来的领袖。
 ♣ hold up　(v.+adv.)
1. 举起，抬起，拿起 raise or lift
　Hold up your right hand.　请举起右手。
　She was holding up an umbrella when I saw her in the street.　我在街上看到她时，她手里撑着把伞。
　He held up the map so it could be seen more clearly.　他举起地图，这样可以看得更清楚些。
　They held their heads up.　他们昂着头。
2. 支持，支撑，承受住 support
　Don't worry. The house will hold up.　别担心，房子不会倒下来。
　I thought that no one else could hold up such pain.　我认为任何别的人都忍受不住这样的疼痛。
3. 拦住，使停顿，耽搁 obstruct or stop the progress of sb/sth
　Won't this hold up the field work?　这会不会耽误农活?
　Please step aside, my children! You are holding me up.　孩子们，请站开点儿。你们挡住我了。
　Two policemen held up a truck so as to inspect the driver's license.　两个警察让一辆卡车停住以便检查司机的驾驶证。
　Traffic on the bridge was held up for several hours because of the accident.　由于出了交通事故，桥上的交通受阻了好几个小时。
4. 拦劫，抢劫 stop in order to rob
　The thief pointed a gun at Wendy and held her up.　那个强盗拿枪逼着温蒂，抢走了她的东西。
　Masked men held up a wages van in South London.　蒙面人在伦敦南部抢劫了一辆运钞车。
　That bank has been held up three times.　那家银行已遭劫三次。
5. 举出，提出 show as an example
　Don't hold me up as a model.　不要拿我当典型。
6. （天）继续晴下去，放晴 (the weather) continue to be fine
　I hope that the fine weather will hold up for some more days.　我希望晴天再持续几天。
　The weather held up and the match was played on time.　天气很好，比赛按时进行。
7. （情况）良好 (situation) be true
　Everyone was doubtful at first, but his statement in detail held up.　起初大家都怀疑，但他的详细叙述证明情况属实。
 ♣ hold with　(v.+prep.)
1. 同意 approve of; agree with
　〔说明〕 hold with通常不用于进行体。
　Why did you go with them if you don't hold with their plan?　如果你不同意他们的计划，你为什么和他们一起去呢?
　I don't hold with these modern ideas.　我不赞成这些新观念。
　I don't hold with the idea of postponing further discussion of the matter.　我不赞成推迟进一步讨论这件事的想法。
　I hold with you that young people should dare to think, speak and act.　我同意你的看法，青年人是应该敢想、敢说、敢干。
2. 容忍 put up with
　I can't hold with him, he's insupportable.　我不能容忍他，他简直使人受不了。

 ♣ hold, have, have got, occupy, own
　参见own条。
 ♣ hold, contain
　参见contain条。
 ♣ hold, keep
　参见keep条。
 ♣ hold, open
　这两个词的词义相近，但并不相同。hold指“举行”会议、会谈、比赛等；而open则指为大楼等举行揭幕典礼或宣布会议、运动会等开幕。例如：
　They decided to hold a meeting next Tuesday.　他们决定下星期二举行一次会议。
　The exhibition will open the day after tomorrow.　展览会将在后天开幕。
 ♣ hold, catch, grasp, grip
　这组词的共同意思是“掌握”。其区别是：hold含义最广，指抓牢或掌握具体或抽象的事物；grip指全力紧抓事物；grasp常指对抽象理论、原理的领悟或理解；catch指拼命抓牢不放，唯恐其滑掉或丢失，比其他三个词更强调控制。例如：
　Hold the reins tight.　把缰绳抓紧。
　I threw the ball, and the dog caught it in his mouth.　我把球抛出，狗用嘴接住了球。
　I think I grasped the main points of the speech.　我想我已经领会了演说的要点。
　She gripped my hand in fear.　她因害怕而紧握住我的手。
 ♣ hold up, uphold
　这两个词（组）的共同意思是“支持”“承受”，指支撑重量时两者可换用。例如：
　Stout columns uphold〔hold〕 up the roof.　牢固的柱子支撑着屋顶。
　The building's heavy roof was upheld〔held〕 up by four columns.　建筑物沉重的屋顶靠四根柱子支撑着。其区别是：
1. uphold常用作引申义，指人对某事的支持、对制度的维护等；hold up几乎不用于比喻义。例如：
　They upheld our opinions.　他们支持我们的意见。
　The Supreme Court is expected to uphold the death sentence.　预计最高法院将维持死刑的原判。
2. hold up可作“举起 ”解， uphold无此义。例如：
　He held up the map so it could be seen more clearly.　他举起地图，这样可以看得更清楚些。
 ♣ hold still, keep still
　这两个短语中hold和keep都用作系动词， still是形容词作表语，在作“坚持不动”解时，两者可互换，只是hold still是美式英语；而keep still是英式英语。另外， keep still还有“保持沉默”的意思，而hold still则无此义。

1. U 握住，抓住　 having sth in the hands
2. S 控制，掌握　 power or control of sb/sth

　afford a ～　提供可抓住之物，提供支撑点
　announce a ～　宣布延迟
　bar a ～　阻止掌握，不让控制
　break ～　突破控制，打开局面
　catch ～　抓住，握住
　clap ～　一把抓住
　claw ～　抓住
　correct ～　调整控制
　divert ～　转移影响力，转移吸引力
　emerge from ～　摆脱控制
　escape ～　避免受控制
　evade ～　逃避控制
　find ～　找到支撑点
　force ～　强迫控制，把影响强加于
　keep ～ of　紧握
　knit a ～　严密控制
　loose a ～　放松手，放弃
　maintain a ～　加以控制，抓牢
　mend a ～　改善控制
　obtain a ～　获得理解
　retain one's ～　保持其控制
　secure firm ～　获得稳固的控制
　seize a ～　抓住，掌握
　strengthen one's hold upon ～　加强对…的控制
　take ～　生根
　take a firm ～ of sth　把某物紧抓在手
　tighten one's hold over ～　加紧对…的控制
　weaken one's ～ on　削弱对…的控制
　careless ～　漫不经心的握着
　considerable ～　有相当大的影响力
　convulsive ～　双手痉挛性的抓住
　fast ～　牢牢抓住
　fragile ～　易碎的容器
　good ～　很好的掌握
　great ～　很大的支配力
　legitimate ～　合法的拥有权
　passionate ～　易被感情支配
　powerful ～　巨大的影响力
　spiritual ～　精神的威力
　strong ～　强大的影响力
　tenacious ～　紧紧抓住不放
　vertical ～　帧频微调
　～ capacity　货舱容量
　～ lamp　指示灯
　～ man　舱内装卸工人
　in ～　揪着，扭着
　of ～　船的深度
　with ～　紧紧地抓住
　～ for letters　放信的袋子
　～ for the hand　抓手的地方
　～ in the launching of a missile　导弹发射的延误
　～ of pile　桩的打入深度

　She kept a firm hold of her little boy's hand as they crossed the road.　横过马路时，她紧紧地牵着小男孩的手。
　My hands quitted their hold.　我的手松开了。
　He clapped hold of me by the arm.　他一把抓住了我的手臂。
　He seized hold of my leg.　他抓住我的腿。
　He wants to have a hold on you.　他想控制你。
　A habit has a hold on you.　习惯可以左右你。
　It will retain its hold in the future.　它将保持对它的控制。
　The military had tightened its hold on the country.　军方加强了对这个国家的控制。
　How long can the government maintain its hold over the district?　政府在该地区的统治能维持多久?
　The climber couldn't find a hold to climb any higher.　登山者找不到继续向上攀登的支撑点。
　There are very few holds on the cliff face.　峭壁的正面可供手攀或脚踏的地方很少。
　The cliff affords no holds for us to take.　峭壁上没有我们可以抓握的地方。
　The rock face afforded few holds to climbers.　对于登山者来说，该岩石的正面很少有可抓握之物。
　Can you find a hold for your hands so that you can pull yourself up?　你能不能找到抓手的地方，以便把自己撑上去?
　I'm going to put a hold on a library book.　我打算向图书馆预约借一本书。
　He's got a good hold of his subjects.　他对所学的科目掌握得很好。
　This weakened his hold on his audience.　这削弱了他对观众的吸引力。
　He's got a good hold of his subject.　他对他的题材所知甚深。
　Educational films have secured firm hold in the educational field.　教育影片已经在教育界获得稳固的地位。

 ♣ catch hold of
　抓住，握住　keep sth fast with the hands
　You must catch hold of this rope.　你必须抓住这根绳子。
　I caught hold of him by the neck.　我抓住他的脖子。
 ♣ get hold of
1. 找到某物以供使用 find and use sth
　How soon can you get hold of that young man?　你怎么才能很快找到那年轻人呢?
　Wherever did you get hold of that idea?　你那想法究竟是从哪里来的?
　He was ready to defend himself with any weapon he could get hold of.　他随时准备用他所能找到的武器进行自卫。
　I must get hold of some more writing paper.　我必须再找到一些稿纸。
2. 找到某人 find sb
　We should get hold of this young lady.　我们必须找到这个年轻女子。
　I've been trying to get hold of her for days but she's never at home.　我找了她好几天，她始终不在家。
 ♣ have a hold over〔on, upon〕
　对…有影响　know sth which gives one an influence over sb/sth
　Her brother has always had a strong hold over her.　她兄弟一直对她有巨大的影响力。
 ♣ keep hold of
　握紧　take a very tight forceful hold
　The soldiers keep a tight hold of the rifle.　战士们紧握手中枪。
　Keep tight hold of this so as not to drop it.　抓紧点，免得把它掉了。
　I can't keep hold of it, it's too slippery.　我不能握住它，它太滑了。
 ♣ lay hold of
　抓住，持有，了解　grasp, seize firmly with the hand; get possession of; understand in the mind
　He laid hold of the rope and pulled the boat ashore.　他抓住绳子拉船靠岸。
　He sold every washing machine he could lay hold of.　他卖掉了他所有的洗衣机。
　Some ideas in this science book are hard to lay hold of.　这本科技书里的一些概念很难理解。
 ♣ take hold of〔on〕
　握住，控制住，吸引，对…有影响力　seize firmly; control; attract; have an influence on
　Take hold of the stick.　握住这根手杖。
　The music took hold of her slowly.　这音乐慢慢吸引了她。
　Their writings took powerful hold of academic circles.　他们的著作在学术界有巨大的影响力。
　I should not allow such a thought to take hold on me.　我不能让这种思想影响我。

　他对他弟弟有影响力。
　［误］ He had hold over his younger brother.
　［正］ He had a hold over his younger brother.
　［析］ have a hold over〔upon〕中的冠词a不能省略。

　［同义词］ v. believe, clasp, clutch, conduct, consider, contain, detain, grasp, grip, guess, have, hold up, judge, keep, maintain, own, possess, retain, think
　［词源］　古英语healdan（保持，拿）