1. C 肩，肩部，肩膀，肩胛　 part of the body where an arm, a foreleg or a wing attached; part of the human body from this point to the neck
2. U C 前腿肉　 piece of meat cut from the upper foreleg of an animal
3. P 背的上部　 part of the back between the shoulders
4. P 有责任或须承担责任的人　 a person with regard to the responsibilities, blame, etc. he must bear

　brush against sb's ～　擦某人的肩膀
　have broad ～s　能挑重担
　give a/the cold ～ to sb　对某人冷淡
　lower one's ～s　落肩
　put one's ～ to the wheel　出一把力，努力工作，尽力完成任务
　show the cold ～ to sb　冷淡地对待某人
　square one's ～s　挺直地坐〔站立〕（表示厌恶）
　tap sb's ～　拍拍肩膀
　turn a/the cold ～ to sb　对某人冷淡
　broad ～s　阔肩膀
　square ～s　阔肩膀
　straight from the ～　直截了当的（批评）
　have a head on one's ～s　有见识
　have a heavy task on one's ～s　肩负重任
　rifle on one's ～　肩上扛着的枪
　cry on sb's ～　向某人诉苦
　an old head on young ～s　少年老成
　take it upon the ～　把它担负起来
　head and ～s above　远远高出，大大胜过
　～ of a lamb　羊的前腿肉
　～ of a mountain　山肩
　～ to ～　肩并肩，共同，协力地
　stand ～ to ～　并肩而立
　work ～ to ～　并肩工作，齐心协力地工作

　I have rheumatism in my left shoulder.　我左肩患有风湿症。
　She patted Hans on the shoulder.　她拍汉斯的肩膀。
　He dressed a jacket with wide shoulders.　他穿了一件宽肩的夹克衫。
　His shoulders bowed with age.　他因年老而佝偻了。
　The wife looked over her shoulder at her husband when she was hesitant.　妻子犹豫不决，回头看丈夫的眼色行事。
　As usual, those followers were looking over their shoulders at their master.　和往常一样，奴才们回头看主子的眼色行事。
　The patient seemed to feel a cold finger on his shoulder.　病人似乎感到自己快要死了。

 ♣ a chip on one's shoulder
　好吵架的脾气　quarrelling temper
　She always has a chip on her shoulder, so nobody wants to be with her.　她总是脾气很大，所以没人想跟她在一起。
　He's got a chip on his shoulder today, I think he's had an argument with his wife.　他今天脾气坏透了，我想他和妻子吵过嘴。
 ♣ have broad shoulders
　有能力承担更多的责任 be able〔willing〕　to accept much responsibility
　George must have broad shoulders—he's taken on the job of secretary of the tennis club as well as being treasurer of the cricket club.　乔治这人一定很有能力，他是网球俱乐部的秘书，同时也是板球俱乐部的司库。
　He won't mind what they say about him. He has broad shoulders.　他不会计较他们对他的议论，他气量很大。
 ♣ put one's shoulder to the wheel
　开始艰苦的工作　start hard work
　You'll have to put your shoulder to the wheel if you're going to finish digging the garden before it gets dark.　你要想在天黑前把花园里的土翻一遍，那你必须加紧干。
 ♣ rub shoulders with
　接触　have a touch with
　The more we rub shoulders with the workers, the more we come to appreciate their excellent qualities.　我们和工人接触越多，就越能体会到他们的优秀品质。
 ♣ shoulder to cry on
　向某人倾诉苦楚　sb who listen to one's troubles sympathetically
　My daughter has been married for ten years yet she still comes home to see me when she wants a shoulder to cry on.　我女儿已结婚10年了，但她有苦楚时还是回家来找我。
　When you're depressed, all you want is a shoulder to cry on.　当一个人情绪不好时真想找一个同情的人诉说一场。
 ♣ shoulder to shoulder
　肩并肩地；齐心协力地　close together
　They are standing shoulder to shoulder.　他们肩靠肩并排站着。
 ♣ shrug one's shoulder
　不作决定，缺乏兴趣　display indecision; lack of interest
　His housekeeper shrugged her shoulders.　他的女管家耸了耸肩。
　I asked Jack if he wanted to come but he just shrugged his shoulders and said he would think about it.　我问杰克他是否想来，他只是耸了耸肩，说要考虑一下。
　He shrugged his shoulders, saying he didn't know and didn't care.　他耸耸肩，说他不知道而且也不在乎。
 ♣ stand head and shoulders above
　超过；优于　excel sb
　She knows there is still a long way to go before she stands head and shoulders above her rivals.　她知道要超过对手，还得下大工夫。
　As an orator he stood head and shoulders above his contemporaries.　他是当时最杰出的演说家。
　Of course we had to give the girl an interview. On paper, she stands head and shoulders above the other applicants.　当然我们将给这位姑娘一次面试，在卷面上她明显优于其他申请人。
 ♣ straight from the shoulder
　直截了当地，坦率地　directly; without compromise
　I want to know what's wrong with me, Doctor, please tell me straight from the shoulder.　医生，我想知道我的病情，请直截了当地告诉我。
　This is going to be painful but I'm going to tell you the bad news straight from the shoulder.　这件事会叫人痛苦，不过我还是坦率地告诉你这不好的消息。
 ♣ turn the cold shoulder
　给予冷遇　turn a cold shoulder to sb
　The membership committee turned a cold shoulder to Jim's request to join the club.　会员资格委员会对吉姆要求加入俱乐部的请求反应冷淡。

 ♣ 下面两个句子意思不同：
　

　他们并肩战斗，打败了侵略者。
　［误］ They fought shoulder by shoulder and defeated the aggressors.
　［正］ They fought shoulder to shoulder and defeated the aggressors.
　［正］ They fought side by side and defeated the aggressors.
　［析］ 表示“并肩，齐心协力”，应该说shoulder to shoulder，或者side by side，但不能说成 shoulder by shoulder.

1. vt.扛，担，挑，掮　 put sth on one's shoulder(s)
2. vt.用肩顶… push sb/sth with one's shoulder
3. vt.承担　 take (guilt, responsibilities, etc.) upon oneself

　～ one's rucksack　背起帆布背包
　～ one's way　用肩膀开路
　～ the burden　担起负担
　～ the duties　负起义务
　～ the responsibilities　负起责任
　～ aside　把…挤到一边
　～ off　用肩挤开
　～ up　用肩扛起
　～ one's way through　用肩挤以穿过…
　～ one's way to　用肩挤到

　She shouldered her rucksack and set off along the road.　她背起帆布背包就上路了。
　The oldest son should shoulder the burdens of the family.　长子该担负起家庭的重担。
　He must shoulder his responsibilities.　他必须承担起他的责任。
　She won't shoulder all the blame for the mistake.　她不承担该过失的全部责任。

 ♣ shoulder aside　(v.+adv.)
　用肩膀挤开　make sb move to one side, by or as by pushing with shoulder
　That rude man shouldered me aside and got on the bus ahead of me.　那个鲁莽的男子用肩膀把我挤开，抢在我前面上了公共汽车。
 ♣ shoulder off　(v.+adv.)
　用肩膀推开　make sb move to one side, by or as by pushing with shoulder
　He shouldered off a defender and shot at goal.　他用肩膀挡开防守队员，然后射门。
 ♣ shoulder through　(v.+prep.)
　硬挤过去　force one's way through sth by pushing with shoulders
　He shouldered his way through the crowd.　他用肩挤，穿过人群。

　［同义词］ v. accept, assume, bear, carry, press, push, shove, sustain, thrust
　［词源］　中古英语schuldere<古英语sculdor（肩，承担）