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词组 do
释义 1．do 和 did 用来加强语势。例如：
I do hope you will come. Do come.
Do be quiet. I did hope you would come.
这两句里的 do 和 did 都该重读。注意 do be 只用在祈使语气里，I do be happy 和 He does be happy 都不可以说。相当于 I am happy 和 He is happy 的强势式是 I am happy 和 He is happy。那 am 和 is 都该印作斜体，或在下面加上一横线，读起来该重读。
I do hope you will come 是 I hope you will come 的强势式。Do come 是 Come 的强势式。Do be quiet 是 Be quiet 的强势式，是一种强势的请求，略有不耐烦的含意，却并不是命令。I did hope you would come 是 I hoped you would come 的强势式。否定的强势式在用词上跟非强势式没有不同，只是把那否定的词重读。例如：

3．注意下面各句里的 do 和 did：
Never do（或did）I see him.
Not a word do（或did）I ever say to him.
Little do（或did）I know about him.
Hardly do（或did）I know about him.
Seldom do（或did）I see him.
Rarely do（或did）I see him.
Only on Sundays do（或did）I meet him.
Well do（或did）I remember him.
注意：以上各句里的 do 和 did 虽然都是用来加重语气的，但习惯上并不重读。do 和 did 都用在主语 I 的前面，而且不可省去。假使省去了，never，not a word，little，hardly，seldom，rarely，only on Sundays 和 well 都不可用在句首，如 Never do I see him 该改作 I never see him，Never did I see him 该改作 I never saw him。除了 only 和 well 以外，never 等词都有否定性质。

4．He studies English as hard as I do Chinese 里的 do 代表 study。He studies English as hard as I do 里的 do 代表 study English。这两种用法都很普通。但该注意下面各点：
（1）do 不可代表动词 to be 和表语，如 He is as much interested as I am 里的 am 不可改作 do。
（2）do 不可代表从被动语态里推想出来的动词，如不可说 His essays are always written as carefully as I do mine，该把 do 改作 write。
（3）do 不可用在被动语态，现在分词或动名词，如不可说：
His essays are always written as carefully as mine are done. （该把 done 删去或改作 written）
He always writes as carefully as I am doing. （该把 doing 改作 writing）
He always writes as carefully as I am in the habit of doing. （该把 doing 改作 writing）
（4）He studies English as hard as I do 里的 do 可以省去，但通常不省去，因为 I 是代词。He studies English as hard as his brother does 里的 does 通常省去，因为 brother 是名词．

5．注意下面各句里的 do so，do it，which...do 和 as...do：
I did not write my essay yesterday, but shall do so tomorrow.
I did not write my essay yesterday, but shall do it tomorrow.
I wrote my essay in English yesterday, which I seldom do.
I wrote my essay in English yesterday, as I seldom do.
第三句里的 which 和第四句里的 as 都指 wrote my essay in English，也可以说指 writing my essay in English。
注意上面各句里的 write 和 wrote 都属于主动语态。下面各句都不可说：
My essay was not written yesterday, but I shall do so tomorrow.
My essay was not written yesterday, but I shall do it tomorrow.
My essay was written in English yesterday, which I seldom do.
My essay was written in English yesterday, as I seldom do.

6．do so 和 do it 可说意思相同。例如：I did not write my essay yesterday, but shall do so tomorrow. 和 I did not write my essay yesterday, but shall do it tomorrow. do so 不及 do it 明确，do it 里的 it 明白指 write my essay 那一件事。比较下面两句：
When he heard the knock, he stood up to open the door, but as he did so, the telephone rang.
When he heard the knock, he locked the door. I do not know why he did it.
但第一句里的 so 也可以改作 it，第二句里的 it 也可以改作 so。

7．There is nothing to do 是“没有事可做（闲着）”。There is nothing to be done 是“没有办法”。

8．do for，do to 和 do with 意思不同。例如：
What have you done for him? （你为他做了什么？你怎样帮助了他？）
What have you done to him? （你做了什么害他的事？）
What have you done with him? （你怎样处理了他？）
What can I do for you? 是口头惯用语，直译作“我能够为你做什么？”就是“你来看我有什么事？”或（店员问顾客）“你要买什么？”

9．在疑问句和否定句里，助动词 do 往往和 have 用在一起。例如：
Do you have bread for supper?
I do not have many visitors.
这两句可以改作：
Have you bread for supper?
I have not many visitors.
但远不及用 do 的自然。
把助动词 do 和 have 用在一起，在美国比在英国普通。在英国通常用在习惯或经常发生的事情，不用在一时或永久的事情，如通常说：
Do you have bread for supper?
I do not have many visitors.
但不说：
Do you have bread for supper this evening? （该说 Have you bread for supper this evening?）
I do not have many visitors today. （该说 I have not many visitors today。）
也不说：
Do you have brothers and sisters?
I do not have a very strong heart.
但在美国没有这种限制。
上面所举的各句里的 have 都作“有”解，或有近乎“有”的意思。在 have a look，have a chat，have a good time，have a rest，have an accident，have an engagement 等表达方式里的 have 和那后面的名词习惯用在一起。例如：
Did you have a look at the picture? （不作：Had you a look at the picture?）
I did not have a chat with him. （不作：I had not a chat with him.）
Did you have a good time at the top of the hill? （不作：Had you a good time at the top of the hill?）
He did not have a rest till late at night. （不作：he had not a rest till late at night.）
同样地，该说Did you have your hair cut yesterday? 不该说Had you your hair cut yesterday? 该说 I did not have my hair cut yesterday，不该说 I had not my hair cut yesterday。
10．比较下面两句：
I have not（或 haven't）to go. （1．我不必去。2．我只得不去，我不可去。）
I do not（或 don't）have to go. （我不必去。）
第一句有两个不同的意思，但 I haven't got to go 只作“我不必去”解。第一句用在第二个意思里很不普通。
比较下面两句：
I haven't (got) to go next Sunday. （一次）
I don't have to go on Sundays. （经常）
11．do nothing but（或 except），do anything but（或 except）和 do less than 三种表达方式后面的不定式没有 to。例如：
He did nothing but（或 except）laugh.
He did not do anything but（或 except）laugh.
He could hardly do less than laugh.
在 None of them did anything but（或 except）laugh 等句子里的不定式也没有 to。
下面三句里 wait and see 前面的 to 可有可无：
There was nothing（或 little）for James to do but (to) wait and see.
It was impossible for James to do otherwise than (to) wait and see.
What is there to do but (to) wait and see?
12．have done（停止）和 have done with（停止、完结）两习语都属于完成时态。事实上只有完成时态而没有其他时态。
have done 后面有时不接什么，有时接动名词，如 I have done 和 I have done writing。have done with 后面接名词，或代词，或动名词。例如：I have done with the whole thing. I have done with it. 和 I have done with writing. I have done writing 和 I have done with writing 意思相同。
have done 和 have done with 里的 have 有时改作动词 to be。例如：I am done with the whole thing. I am done writing. 和 I am done with writing. 用动词 to be 主要流行在美国、苏格兰和爱尔兰。
13．do away with 和 do away 都作“除去”解，现在通常用 do away with 而不用 do away。
14．make do（do 是不定式）作“勉强过去”解，make do with 作“靠着……勉强过去”解。例如：In those days of high prices before liberation we found it very hard to make do. 和 As I had broken my pen, I had to make do with a pencil.
15．How do you do? 是习惯用语，但通常不说 How do your parents do? 和 How does your brother do? 等，却说 How are your parents? 和 How is your brother? 等。
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更新时间：2024/10/30 10:27:18