| 词组 | shall |
| 释义 | shall 和 will，should 和 would 的种种用法很复杂。一般说来，should 相当于 shall，would 相当于 will。下面的一切规则都是根据英格兰的习惯。有两点该注意：（1）所说的错误也许在美国和苏格兰不被看作错误。（2）一切错误可以说都是在该用 shall 或 should 的场合用 will 或 would，不是在该用 will 或 would 的场合用 shall 或 should。 现在先讲简单句和主句： （1）shall 在第一人称的陈述句里表示将来。例如：I shall be twenty next Sunday. 和 I shall be glad if you will call tomorrow afternoon. 用 will 而不用 shall 在英格兰通常被当作错误，但在美国和苏格兰很普通。比较下面两句： I shall go tomorrow. （在英国是正常的英语，在美国往往被看作允诺或保证。） I shall be twenty next Sunday. （在英国是正常的英语，在美国几乎不用。） shall hope 作“希望将……”解，不作“将希望……”解，“将来”的意思属于后面的不定式。例如：I shall hope to see him next week. ＝I hope to see him next week. （2）shall 在第一人称的陈述句里有时表示意向或允诺。例如：I shall tell you this evening. 和 I shall never do it again. 用 shall 而不用 will，含有“当然”的意思。 （3）shall 在第一人称的疑问句里有时表示将来，有时问对方的意志。例如：Shall I be too old to work at eighty? （表示将来）和Shall I post the letter for you? （问对方的意志）这句可以改作 Would you like me to post the letter for you? 或 Do you want me to post the letter for you? 在爱尔兰和苏格兰往往说Will I post the letter for you? （4）shall 在第二人称和第三人称的陈述句里表示自己（指说话或作文者）的意向、命令、允诺、恫吓等。例如： You（或 He）shall never see her again. （意向） You（或 He）shall go at once. （命令） You（或 He）shall have a reward. （允诺） You（或 He）shall be punished. （恫吓） 第三句在口语里现在不普通。 比较下面各句： You（或 He）shall go at once. （表示自己的意向，语气最强） You（或 He）must go at once. （比较婉转） You（或 He）have to go at once. （比较婉转） You（或 He）have got to go at once. （比较婉转，口语） You are（或 He is）to go at once. （最婉转） （5）shall 在第二人称的疑问句里表示将来。例如：Shall you be away for long? 但用 will 也很普通。例如：Will you be away for long? 在美国几乎不用 Shall you...? 在修辞疑问句里总用 will，不用 shall，如假使Will you be away for long? 含有“你当然不会离开好久”的意思，will 不可改作 shall。 （6）shall 在第三人称的疑问句里问对方的意志：例如：Shall he be paid? （你以为该给他钱吗？） （7）will 在第一人称的陈述句里表示自己的意向、命令、允诺、恫吓等。例如： I will work hard. （意向） I will be obeyed. （命令） I will help you as much as I can. （允诺） I will punish you. （恫吓） （8）will 通常不用在第一人称的疑问句里。Will I? 或Will we? 往往有“我（们）当然要”或“我（们）当然不要”的含意。但Will I do? 有一个特别的意思：“（你以为做那件事）我行吗？” （9）will 在第二人称和第三人称的陈述句里表示将来。例如：You will be better tomorrow. 和 It will be fine very soon. （10）will 在第二人称和第三人称的陈述句里有时表示自己（指说话或作文者）的命令。例如：You will send in your report on Thursday. 和 All the members will send in their reports on Thursday. 用 will 比用 shall 婉转些，主要用在公文里。 （11）will 在第三人称的陈述句里有时表示必然性（certainty）或不可避免性（inevitability）。例如：Whatever you may say, things of this kind will go on. 有时有“偏偏”的意思。例如：He will ask me all sorts of questions when I am busy writing. 这句里的 will 该重读。有时有“或然”（probable）的意思。例如：This will be the book you're looking for. 和 It is about five, he will have gone back home. （现在大约 5 点钟，他大概已经回家去了。） （12）will 在第二人称的疑问句里问对方的意志，尤其用在请求句（request）里。例如：Will you tell me more about him? Will you help me? 和 Help me, will you? （参见（5））Will you tell me more about him? 也可能是“你能多告诉我一些关于他的事吗？”也可能是“我请求你多告诉我一些关于他的事”。用在第一解，有人以为该用 shall 而不用 will，或改用 Are you going to...? 用在第二解，句尾的问号可以改作句号。 （13）will 在第三人称的疑问句里表示将来。例如：Will they be here tomorrow? （14）will 有时表示习惯，通常用在第二人称和第三人称。例如：You（或 He）will sit here for hours saying nothing. 这用法在口语里几乎没有。 （15）should 是 shall 的过去式，但很少用来指过去，如 I should never know。远不及 I was never to know 或 I was not going to know 普通，在文字里也逐渐少用，通常用现在陈述语气就可以表示习惯。 （16）should 用在第一人称的条件陈述句里表示将来，那条件从句往往省去。例如：I should be glad to see you if you would call tomorrow morning. 和 I should be glad to see you. 用 would 而不用 should 在英格兰通常被当作错误，但在美国和苏格兰很普通。 I should like（或 I would like）里可以说并没有省去的条件从句，它不过是比 I shall like 婉转些的说法。同样地，I should think 和 I should say 比 I think 和 I say 婉转。 （17）should 用在第二人称的条件疑问句里表示将来，那条件从句往往省去，如Should you like to see him if he should call on you this evening? 和Should you like to see him? 但事实上用 would 普通得多，如Would you like to see him if he should call on you this evening? 和Would you like to see him? 在修辞疑问句里总用 would，不用 should，如假使Would you like to see him? 含有“你当然不会喜欢见他”的意思，would 不可改作 should。 （18）should 在任何人称表示义务或责任，如 I（或 You，或 He）Should study hard 和 I（或 You，或 He）should not leave any of these questions unanswered。这样用法的 should 语气比 ought to……轻些。 （19）should 有时在疑问句里表示情感（emotion）。例如：Why should you call him a fool? （20）would 是 will 的过去式，但除了表示习惯、意志（volition）和或然性（probability）以外，很少用来指过去。 would 用来指过去的习惯比 will 用来指现在的习惯普通得多。例如：I（或 You，或 He）would sit here for hours saying nothing. 但这用法在口语里几乎没有。 would 表示意志往往有“偏偏”的意思。例如：I（或 You，或 He）would go out in spite of the snowstorm. （would 该重读）would 在否定句里表示过去的意志，例如：I（或 You，或 He）would not listen to her story. would 表示或然性，可以用于任何人称，但事实上主要用在第三人称。 例如： That would be in March 1932. When that happened, I would be about twelve. When that happened, you would be about fifteen. 有时指现在而不指过去。例如：This would be the book you're looking for. （21）would 在第一人称的条件陈述句里表示自己的意向、命令、允诺、恫吓等，条件从句往往省去。例如： If I could, I would work hard. （意向） I would be obeyed. （命令） I would help you as much as I could. （允诺） I would punish you if you should do it again. （恫吓） 在没有条件从句的场合，I would 不过是比 I will 婉转些的说法。I would 不及 I should like 普通。参见（16） （22）would 在第二人称和第三人称的条件陈述句里表示将来，条件从句往往省去，例如 If you（或 he）were a bird, you（或 he）would be able to fly. 和 You（或 He）certainly would be glad to be able to fly. it would seem 和 one would think 不过是比 it seems 和 one thinks 婉转些的说法。 （23）would 在第二人称的条件疑问句里问对方的意志，尤其用在请求句里，条件从句通常省去，语气比用 will 婉转，如Would you tell me more about him? 和Would you help me? 比Will you tell me more about him? 和Will you help me? 婉转。参见（12） （24）would 在第三人称的条件疑问句里表示将来，条件从句往往省去，如 If he were here, would he be sorry to hear it? 和Would he be sorry to hear it? （25）would 有时表示愿望。例如：I would rather remain here. 和 I would you were with us! 上面只讲简单句和主句，下面讲从句： （26）shall 和 should 表示加在那从句里的主语所指的人或物身上的责任。例如： I demand that he shall（或should）return my book by 24 May. My demand is that he shall（或should）return my book by 24 May. I demanded that he should return my book by 24 May. My demand was that he should return my book by 24 May. 这种以 that 引导的从句通常用在 condition，demand，desire，insist，intend，intention，provide，provision，require 等词的后面。 （27）shall 用在条件从句或不定从句里现在很不普通，如现在不说 if he shall come, when he shall come 或 whoever shall come，却说 if he comes, when he comes 和 whoever comes。 用 shall 既然不普通，用 will 竟然是错误的，如不可说 If it will be fine tomorrow, I shall go out，该把 will be 改作 is，用 will 在条件从句或不定从句里只表示意志等，如 If you will help me, I shall be grateful to you 和 I shall be grateful to whoever will help me。 （28）should 用在条件从句或不定从句里表示疑惑，有“偶然”的含意。例如： If it should be fine tomorrow, I shall go out. If I should ever go to Europe, I should see such things. Whoever should apply for further information will have to write to the secretary. Whatever should happen to them would be considered something new. 第一句和第三句里的 should 比第二句和第四句里的 should 表示程度轻些的疑惑。注意第一句里用 shall，第三句里用 will，但第二句里用 should，第四句里用 would。 假使要表示意志，该用 would 而不用 should。例如：If you would help me, I should be grateful to you. 和 I should be grateful to whoever would help me. If it should be fine, I shall go out 里的 should 决不可改作 would。If you should catch cold again, you would keep in bed for a few days more 里的 should 也不可改作 would。If you would keep in bed for a few days more, you would find it difficult to catch up 里的 would 并不表示意志，If you would keep in bed for a few days more＝If (if you should catch cold again) you would keep in bed for a few days more。 （29）should（不是 shall）有时表示情感。例如： It is a pity that she should be so ill. It is strange that you should know nothing about it. It is only natural that we should be left behind. It is odd that you should live alone in this cottage. I wonder why some of you should keep laughing at me. （30）should（不是 shall）用在以 lest 或 in case 引导的从句里。例如：I have to remind him lest he should forget it. 和 They took their umbrellas with them in case it should rain. 在以 lest 引导的从句里在美国通常不用 should 而用虚拟现在式。例如：... lest he forget it. （31）在间接引语里，依照语法该用在直接引语里所用的 shall 或 will，should 或 would，但在必要的时候该变换时态，把 shall 改作 should，把 will 改作 would。例如： He says he shall be glad to see her. （直接引语：I shall be glad....） He said he should be glad to see her. （直接引语：I shall be glad ....） He thinks I will be glad to see her. （直接引语：He will be glad ....） He thought I would be glad to see her. （直接引语：He will be glad ....） 不过在事实上第一句里用 will 普通些，第二句里用 would 普通些，第三句里在英国用 shall 普通些，第四句里在英国用 should 普通些。尤其在第三句和第四句里现在很少用 will 和 would，因为 will 和 would 在第一人称里很像表示意志，但在美国几乎总是用 will 和 would。 像下面各句里的 shall 和 should，will 和 would 当然是不可改动的： I think I shall be glad to see her. I thought I should be glad to see her. I think you（或 he）will be glad to see her. I thought you（或 he）would be glad to see her. You think he will be glad to see her. You thought he would be glad to see her. He thinks you will be glad to see her. He thought you would be glad to see her. He thinks she will be glad to see you. He thought she would be glad to see you. I shall ask whether you（或 he）will help me. I asked whether you（或 he）would help me. You（或 He）will ask whether I will help you（或 him）. You（或 He）asked whether I would help you（或 him）. I shall tell you（或 him）that you（或 he）shall have a reward. I told you（或 him）that you（或 he）should have a reward. （32）It is necessary that he should come by six o'clock 和 I suggest that he should come by six o'clock 等句子里用 should，在美国通常不用 should 而用虚拟现在式。例如：...he come（不用 comes）by six o'clock. |
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