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词组 that
释义 1．注意下面每组里的第一句里用 that，第二句里用 this：
每组第一句里的 that 改作 this 也可以，但第二句里的 This 决不可改作 That。

2．可以说 The study of idiom is as important as that of grammar，但不可说 This is a point of idiom rather than that of grammar，该把 that 删去或改作 one。第一句里的 that 代表the study。第二句里的 that 代表a point，但照习惯 that 只可代表the ...，不可代表a ...，所以第二句不对。下面第一组里的两句不错，第二组里的两句不对：

3．注意 and that 在下面三句里的习惯用法：
She came at midnight, and that alone. (and that＝and she came at midnight)
He studied music for many years, and that under a well-known musician. (and that＝and he studied music for many years)
The boy has lost a book, and that the one he bought only the other day. (and that＝and he has lost)
各句里的 and that 都加重后面的语气。

4．that happy three weeks（那快乐的三星期长的一段时间），that five years（那五年长的一段时间）等表达方式里可以用 that，因为把 three weeks，five years 等当作一段时期（如 three weeks 指“三星期长的一段时间”，并不指“三个分开的星期”）。但不用 that 而用 those 也很普通。参见 this 1

5．下面三种表达方式都可以说，意思相仿：
the man mentioned
the man who is mentioned
that man who is mentioned
第三种表达方式语气最重。that man mentioned 也有人用，但不算正当，下面各种表达方式也不算正当：
that person named
that boy following us
that book at the top of the list
that theory now in question
参见 those 4
但有下面两点该注意：
（1）上面我所说不算正当的各种表达方式里的 that 是形容词，不是代词。that mentioned，that at the top of the list 等表达方式里的 that 是代词，不是形容词，各种表达方式都可以说。
（2）that book known as the Bible，that little girl with brown hair 等表达方式里的 that 是形容词，但因为它含有“就是你所知道的那个”的意思，所以不算不正当。

6．下面两句里的第一个 that 现在远不及从前普通，该改作 such a 或 so great a：
He was wounded to that degree that he was rushed to hospital.
She has that patience that she never complains.

7．so... that 和 so... as 不可混用，such... that 和 such ... as 也不可混用，参见 as 11

8．下面各句都是强势式，但两组的结构不同，参见 it 5，6和7

9．that 用作关系代词有下面几点该注意：
（1）现在可以说只用在限定从句里，不用在非限定从句里，如 This is the pen that I bought yesterday 里用 that，但 I have bought a pen, which I shall show you when you call 里用 which。下面两句里的 that 都不自然，最好改作 which：
We were looking at the moon, that was rising slowly.
They are having a good time together in the park, that is now far less crowded than an hour ago.
注意下面每组里的两句意思不同，每组的第一句里没有逗号，第二句里有逗号：
（2）that 的前面不可用介词，如不可说 This is the joke at that they laughed，该改作下面的任何一句：
This is the joke at which they laughed.
This is the joke that they laughed at.
This is the joke which they laughed at.
This is the joke they laughed at.
第一句最正式，最不普通，第四句最不正式。
（3）that that ...（……的东西）远不及 that which 普通。但注意下面两句里的 that that...里的第二个 that 的先行项不是第一个 that 而是 It。参见 8
It is that that I need。
It is only that that keeps him busy.
（4）those who ...（……的人们）里用 who 比用 that 普通得多。all who...（……的一切人）里的 who 不可改作 that。all that...是“……的一切东西”，不是“……的一切人”。he who...现在不及 one who...普通，he that ...更不普通。下面各句都是谚语，不该摹仿它们：
He that promises too much means nothing.
He that respects not is not respected.
He lives long that lives well.
He cannot speak well that cannot hold his tongue.
He who commences many things finishes but few.
He who does not rise early never does a good day's work.
（5）8 里所举的 It is help that I need 和 It is I that need help 两句里都用 that，第一句里的 that 可以改作 which，第二句里的 that 可以改作 who，但都不及用 that 普通。
（6）在属于最高级的词的后面用 that 比用 which 普通。例如：This is the best specimen that we have got.
（7）在 only 后面用 that 比用 which 普通。例如：This is the only specimen that we have got.
（8）在 no 后面用 that 比用 which 普通。例如：No specimen that we have got is satisfactory.
（9）在 all 后面用 that 比用 which 普通。例如：Please bring me all the specimens that you have gathered. 和 This is all that I know about the matter.
（10）在 any 后面用 that 比用 which 普通。例如：Any specimen that you may get will do. 和 I have not got any that is satisfactory.
（11）在名词 little 和名词 much 后面用 that 比用 which 普通。例如：His letters contain little that is interesting but much that is dull.
（12）that 用于指定的一人或多人不及 who 普通。例如：The man who called this morning is a professor. 和 The ladies who are in the next room are his sisters. 两句里用 who 而不用 that。但在下面各句里用 that 比用 who 普通：
He is the best artist that has ever visited this town.
He is the only artist that has ever visited this town.
No artist that I know of has ever visited this town.
Anybody that knows anything knows this.
Who that knows anything does not know this?
Which of us that knows anything does not know this?
It is I that need help.
在 fool that I was（像我这样的呆子）和 Mrs Brown，Miss Johnson that was（Brown 夫人，从前是 Johnson 小姐）两种表达方式里的 that 不可改作 who。
（13）在（12）里所说的 fool that I was 里的 fool 前不可加上 a 或 the，这语可能有两个意思。例如：
Fool that I was, I believed every word he said. （我是这样的一个呆子，竟然相信他所说的每句话。）
Fool that I was, I did not believe every word he said. （我虽然是一个呆子，我并不曾相信他所说的每句话。）
（14）用在宾格里的关系代词 that 往往被省去。例如：This is the book (that) I spoke of. 在口语里和若干谚语里，用在主格里的关系代词 that 也往往被省去。例如：
It's not everybody (that) can do that.
That was her shadow (that) passed the window.
There's nothing (that) stops you from going to bed if you want to.
It is the weather (that) makes me feel as I do.
It's an ill wind (that) blows nobody good. （谚语：1.对于任何人都吹不到好处的才是坏风。2．不论任何坏事，总有人得益。3．有弊必有利。）
（15）下面两句里的 that 也是关系代词：
He has never done it(,) that I know.
She never said anything of the kind to him(,) that I remember.
（16）下面两句语法不对：
At the end of the passage there is a door that you may open and find someone waiting for you. （可以改作 At the end of the passage there is a door that you may open to find someone waiting for you。）
I am sending you a book that you will probably find interesting and profit by the advice it offers. （可以改作 I am sending you a book that you will probably find interesting and whose advice you will profit by。）
10．以连接词 that 引导的从句是名词从句或状语从句，决不是形容词从句。例如：
That he is honest is certain. （名词从句，是全句的主语）
I hear that he is honest. （名词从句，是动词 hear 的宾语）
It is a fact that he is honest. （名词从句，是 It 的同位语）
I am sure that he is honest. （状语从句，修饰形容词 sure）
He is so honest that he never suspects anybody. （状语从句，修饰副词 so）
不论那从句是名词从句或状语从句，必须是陈述的，决不可是疑问的、祈使的或感叹的，如下面各句都不对：
I have to tell you that if I try, shall I have a chance to succeed? （该改作 I have to ask you this: If I try, shall I have a chance to succeed? 或 I have to ask you whether I shall have a chance to succeed if I try.）
I have to tell you that if you fail, try again. （该改作 I have to tell you that if you fail, you should try again.）
I have to tell you that if you succeed, how happy I shall be! （该改作 I have to tell you how happy I shall be if you succeed. 或 I have to tell you that if you succeed, I shall be very happy.）
Things happen so rapidly that who can say what may happen next week? （该改作 Things happen so rapidly that no-one can say what may happen next week. 或 Things happen rapidly, who can say what may happen next week.）
11．间接疑问句前面不可用连接词 that，如下面各句里的 that 都该删去：
He asked me that what was the matter.
She did not know that how he did it.
Please tell me that where he is going.
I wonder that whether you know her or not.
12．在较长的名词从句里往往有多余的连接词 that，如下面各句里斜体的 that 是多余的，该删去：
It should be borne in mind that while different persons have different opinions, and that therefore they may not be able to agree upon a definite course of action, the problem is so important that it should not remain unsolved for any length of time.
It is quite doubtful whether if he had arrived at the station five minutes earlier, or if the train had started five minutes later, that he would have caught the train.
I suggest that while these questions are being discussed and the conditions are being investigated, that the work should be carried on as usual.
You may rest assured that if you read any book carefully through, looking up all the difficult words and phrases and allusions in dictionaries and other reference books, dwelling upon passages of particular interest to you, and jotting down everything that you think you may have use for some day, that you will soon acquire an ability to write expressive English.
13．在定义的开首不该用连接词 that，如不该说 Homesickness is that one longs for one's home。
14．下面每组里的四句意思相仿，注意用 may 和 might：
下面几点该注意：
（1）第一组的第一句和第二句里的 may 在口语里往往改用 can。
（2）第二组的第二句里的 might 可以改用 should，在口语里往往改用 could。
（3）第二组第三句里的 might 可以改用 should。
15．下面各句里的以连接词 that 引导的从句表示结果：
What has happened that you should weep?
What have I done that you should be angry with me?
Where has he been that he should look so tired?
How have they been treated by their brother that they should speak ill of him?
Who am I that I should advise a man of your experience?
Am I a fool that you should tell me to share my bed with your dog?
I wonder how you have fed the baby that he should be hungry so soon.
He demanded to know what he had done that his wife should have asked him such queer questions.
注意：各句都是疑问句或有疑问从句。这种句子里通常有 should。
16．下面各句里的 that 是关系副词，作 when 解：
By the time that you are dressed breakfast will be ready.
The next time that I met him was in Shanghai.
The year that he was born was 1924.
They left the day that we arrived.
The moment that he saw me he ran away.
Now that we have found it, we may take a rest.
这样用法的 that 往往被省去。the moment 后面的 that 用的少，不用的多。
17．下面各句里的 that 是关系副词：
He shouted with the greatest strength that he could. (that＝with which)
They parted in the same cordial fashion that they met. (that＝in which)
He likes sea stories for the very reason that she dislikes them. (that＝for which)
注意每句里的 that 所代表的...which 里的介词就是那先行项前面的介词。下面两句都不对：
She was surprised at the great strength that he shouted.
I watched with interest the cordial fashion that they met and parted. 第一句里的 strength 前面的介词是 at，但 that 该代表with which，不该代表at which，所以不对，该把 that 改作 with which。第二句里的 fashion 前面并没有介词，所以 that 不对，该把 that 改作 in which。第一句假使改作 She was amused with the great strength that he shouted 也不对，因为那 with 是跟着 amused 而来的，和 that 所代表的 with which 里的 with 不同。
18．连接词 that 往往被省去。例如：
It is certain (that) he is honest.
I am sure (that) he is honest.
I think (that) he is honest.
He is so honest (that) he never suspects anybody.
It is a pity (that) you cannot come.
It was a good thing (that) he reached home before dark.
It occurred to me (that) you might not have heard of her death.
I take it (that) you are going to the party this evening.
关于连接词 that 的省略，下面几点该注意：
（1）在口语里比在文字里省去得多，往往同一句子，把连接词 that 省去了便有些口语性质。
（2）在用作主语的从句的开首的 that 不可省去，如That he is honest is certain 里的 That 不可省去。
（3）在用作名词的同位语的从句的开首的 that 通常不省去，如 The fact that he is honest is known to all his friends 里的 that 通常不省去。
（4）14里所举的每组里的第一、第三和第四句里的 that 不可省去。第二句里的 that 在英国不省去，但在美国往往省去。参见 so 7
（5）15里所举的各句里的 that 不可省去。
（6）关于动词后面的连接词 that 的省略或不省略，英国人 H. W. Fowler 所著的A Dictionary of Modern English Usage 第 633 页有三张表：（a）通常不省去，（b）通常省去，（c）有时省去，有时不省去，依据上下文语气而定。
(a) agree, assert, assume, aver, calculate, conceive, hold, learn, maintain, reckon, state, suggest
(b) believe, presume, suppose, think
(c) be told, confess, consider, declare, grant, hear, know, perceive, propose, say, see, understand
（7）假使省去了 that 意思不明白，就不该省去，如 He said yesterday he had seen her 可能作 He said yesterday that he had seen her 解，也可能作 He said that yesterday he had seen her 解，用了 that 意思就明白。
（8）即使在第一个从句里省去了 that，在平行的（以 and，or，nor 或 but 引导的）从句里不省去。例如：
He said he would come, and that he would bring his son.
She did not believe she had ever read any of the young author's works or that she had ever heard of him.
She did not believe she had ever read any of the young author's works, nor that she had ever heard of him.
I think I'll have another try, but that I must have your advice beforehand.
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更新时间：2024/10/30 14:12:58