| 词组 | ing forms introduction |
| 释义 | Contents overview -ing forms : introductionperfect -ing forms: (e.g. having slept)perfect -ing forms: (e.g. having slept) (e.g. having slept) 93.21132693 -ing forms: introduction1'participles and 'gerunds'We can use -ing forms (e.g. smoking, walking) not only as verbs, but also like adjectives or nouns. Compare:You're smoking too much these days. (verb: part of present progressive)There was a smoking cigarette end in the ashtray. (adjective-like: description of cigarette end)Smoking is bad for you. (noun-like: subject of sentence)When -ing forms are used verbally or adjectivally, they are often called 'present participles'. (This is not a very suitable name, because these forms can refer to the past, present or future.) When they are used more like nouns, they are often called 'gerunds'.Before nouns, both noun-like -ing forms (gerunds) and adjective-like -ing forms (participles) can be used. The two structures do not have quite the same kind of meaning. Compare:–a waiting room (= a room for waiting. Waiting is a gerund, used rather like a noun. Compare a guest room.)a waiting train (= a train that is waiting. Waiting is a participle, used rather like an adjective. Compare an early train.)–a sleeping pill (sleeping is a gerund)a sleeping child (sleeping is a participle)–working conditions (gerund)working men and women (participle)2perfect, passive and negative -ing formsNote the structure of perfect, passive and negative -ing forms.Having slept for twelve hours, I felt marvellous. (perfect)She loves being looked at. (passive)Not knowing what to do, I went home. (negative)She's angry about not having been invited. (negative perfect passive)3'participles' and 'gerunds': an unclear differenceThe distinction between 'participles' and 'gerunds' is not always clear-cut, and it can sometimes be difficult to decide which term to use. For this reason, some grammarians prefer to avoid the terms 'participle' and 'gerund'. For a detailed discussion of this point, see Section 17.54 of A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik (Longman, 1985). In Practical English Usage the expression '-ing form' is used except when there is a good reason to use one of the other terms.For spelling of -ing forms, 346–347.Previous Next |
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