| 词组 | participles ing and ed forms used like adjectives |
| 释义 | Contents overview participles : -ing and -ed forms used like adjectivesadmired: much admiredadmired: much admired much admired 96.810041adopted: position and meaningadopted: position and meaning position and meaning 96.710043advanced: active past participleadvanced: active past participle active past participle 96.410044amused: very/much amusedamused: very/much amused very/much amused 96.810099annoyed: + by or withannoyed: + by or with + by or with 96.910107arrived: active past participlearrived: active past participle active past participle 96.410141bored and boring, etcbored and boring, etcboredboring 96.310255camped: active past participlecamped: active past participle active past participle 96.410292collapsed: active past participlecollapsed: active past participle active past participle 96.410349compound adjectives with participles: (e.g quick-growing, home-made)compound adjectives with participles: (e.g quick-growing, home-made) (e.g quick-growing, home-made) 96.510371concerned: position and meaningconcerned: position and meaning position and meaning 96.710375confused and confusing, etcconfused and confusing, etcconfusedconfusing 96.310379covered: prepositioncovered: preposition preposition 96.910411developed: active past participledeveloped: active past participle active past participle 96.410462escaped: active past participleescaped: active past participle active past participle 96.410571faded: active past participlefaded: active past participle active past participle 96.410614fallen: active past participlefallen: active past participle active past participle 96.410620filled: + withfilled: + with + with 96.910636grown up: active past participlegrown up: active past participle active past participle 96.410751increased: active past participleincreased: active past participle active past participle 96.410902involved: position and meaninginvolved: position and meaning position and meaning 96.710946mistaken: (very) much mistakenmistaken: (very) much mistaken (very) much mistaken 96.811120recovered: active past participlerecovered: active past participle active past participle 96.411483retired: active past participleretired: active past participle active past participle 96.411516rottenrotten 96.1011527sat: I was satsat: I was sat I was sat 96.411539shrunkenshrunkenshrunkenshrink 96.1011593stood: I was stoodstood: I was stood I was stood 96.411682stopped: active past participlestopped: active past participle active past participle 96.411684sunkensunkensunkensink 96.1011710swollen: active past participleswollen: active past participleswollenswell active past participle 96.411727vanished: active past participlevanished: active past participle active past participle 96.411886well-read: active past participlewell-read: active past participlewell-readwell read active past participle 96.41192596 participles: -ing and -ed forms used like adjectives1namesWhen -ing forms are used in similar ways to adjectives, they are called 'present participles'. Forms like broken, sung, opened, started are called 'past participles'. But note that both forms can be used for the past, present or future.We were nearly hit by falling rocks.We haven't got a single working computer in the office.The house is going to be full of screaming children.I was taken to hospital with a broken arm.These cakes are beautifully cooked.Daniel will be surprised to see you.(The same terms are used when these forms are used as parts of verb tenses, Section 1).2active and passiveWhen -ing forms are used like adjectives, they have similar meanings to active verbs.falling leaves (= leaves that fall)a meat-eating animal (= an animal that eats meat)Most past participles have passive meanings when they are used like adjectives.a broken heart (= a heart that has been broken)The house looked abandoned. (= … as if it had been abandoned.)3participles and adjectives: interested and interesting, etcSome adjectives look like present or past participles (and the difference between adjectives and participles is not always clear). They are discussed here for convenience. These adjectives, too, may have an active/passive contrast. For example, interesting, boring, exciting and confusing have active meanings: they describe things that interest people, bore them and so on. Interested, bored, etc have passive meanings: they show how people are made to feel. Compare:–The lesson was really interesting.I was very interested in the lesson. (not I was very interesting in the lesson.)–It was a terribly boring party.I didn't enjoy the party because I was bored. (not … because I was boring.)–Granny takes the kids to exciting places.The kids get excited when Granny comes. (not … The kids get exciting …)–He's a very confusing writer.She explained everything, but I was still very confused. (not … very confusing.)4active past participles: a fallen leaf; advanced studentsSome past participles can be used as adjectives with active meanings before nouns.a fallen leaf (= a leaf that has fallen)advanced students developed countriesincreased activityvanished civilisationsa retired generala collapsed buildinga grown-up daughteran escaped prisonerfaded coloursswollen anklesMost of these can be used after be.She is retired now.My family are all grown up.Those curtains are badly faded.This class is the most advanced.My wrist is swollen.Some others are used after be, but not before nouns.Why are all those cars stopped at the crossroads? (but not … a stopped car)I hope you're fully recovered from your operation.We're camped in the field across the stream.I'll be finished in a few minutes.Those days are gone now.Sat and stood are often used like this in informal speech in British English.When I saw her she was sat on the ground crying.Why is that man stood in the doorway?A few past participles are used with active meanings in expressions with adverbials but not otherwise.a well-read person (but not a read person)a much-travelled manrecently-arrived immigrantsThe train just arrived at platform six is the delayed 13.15 from Hereford.5compound structures: English-speaking CanadiansParticiples used as adjectives can have objects. Note the word order.English-speaking Canadians. (not speaking-English Canadians.)a fox-hunting manIs that watch self-winding?Other compound structures with participles are also common before nouns.quick-growing treeshome-made cakea recently-built housegovernment-inspired rumoursthe above-mentioned point6after nouns: the people questionedWe often use participles after nouns in order to define or identify the nouns, in the same way as we use identifying relative clauses (234).We couldn't agree on any of the problems discussed. (= … the problems that were discussed.) (not … the discussed problems.)The people questioned gave very different opinions. (= The people who were questioned …) (not The questioned people …)I watched the match because I knew some of the people playing. (not … the playing people.)I got the only ticket left. (not … the only left ticket.)Those is often used with a participle to mean 'the ones who are/were'.Most of those questioned refused to answer.Those selected will begin training on Monday.7differences of meaningA few participles change their meaning according to their position. Compare:–a concerned expression (= a worried expression)the people concerned (= the people who are/were affected)–an involved explanation (= a complicated explanation)the people involved (= the same as the people concerned)–an adopted child (= a child who is brought up by people who are not his/her biological parents)the solution adopted (= the solution that is/was chosen)8much admired; very frightened When a past participle is part of a passive verb, we can put much or very much before it, but not very.He's (very) much admired by his students. (not … very admired …)Britain's trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation. (not … very weakened …)When a past participle is used as an adjective, we usually prefer very. This is common with words referring to mental states, feelings and reactions.a very frightened animal (not a much frightened animal)a very shocked expressionThe children were very bored.She looked very surprised.Common exceptions:That's Alice, unless I'm (very) much mistaken. (not … unless I'm very mistaken.)He's well known in the art world. (not … very known …)With amused, very and (very) much are both possible.I was very amused / much amused / very much amused by Miranda's performance.9frightened by / frightened ofBy is used after passive verbs to introduce the agent (the person or thing that does the action, 58).Most of the damage was caused by your sister.After past participles that are used like adjectives, we prefer other prepositions. Compare:–She was frightened by a mouse that ran into the room. (Frightened is part of a passive verb referring to an action.)She's always been terribly frightened of dying. (Frightened is an adjective referring to a state of mind.)–The kids were so excited by the music that they kept screaming.Joe's excited about the possibility of going to the States.–I was annoyed by the way she spoke to me.I'm annoyed with you.–The burglar was surprised by the family coming home unexpectedly.I'm surprised at/by your attitude.–He was badly shocked by his fall.We were shocked at/by the prices in London.Other examples:His whereabouts are known to the police.The hills are covered in snow.The room was filled with thick smoke.10special past participle forms: drunken laughterA few older forms of past participles are still used as adjectives before nouns in certain expressions.drunken laughter/singing, etca shrunken heada sunken wreck/ship, etcrotten fruit/vegetables, etcPrevious Next |
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