| 词组 | all |
| 释义 | all 1. See all of; all that; all ready, already; all together, altogether. 2. In the worrisome world of pronoun agreement with indefinite pronoun referents (see, for instance: each; every; everybody, everyone; they, their, them), some textbooks have recommended substituting constructions with all in place of constructions with each or every in order to make both pronoun and referent grammatically and notionally plural. All is unquestionably plural in such constructions as these: • ... all of us have our part —Wyllis E. Wright, Williams Alumni Rev., November 1953 • No one is held in higher esteem by all here, no matter what their faith, than the American monsignor — John Cogley, Commonweal, 25 Dec. 1953 Some textbooks, therefore, advise taking such sentences as Every child should brush his/his or her/their teeth. and converting it to All children should brush their teeth. in order to avoid the difficult pronoun-referent choice presented by the first sentence. If you are uncomfortable with using his or her or the generic his or their, you may well want to consider using a construction with all to avoid the problem. 3. All... not. Nickles 1974 and Kilpatrick 1984 note that in a conversational style of sentence with all and a negative (not), the negative element is often postponed so that it follows the verb, instead of preceding all. Copperud 1970, 1980 mentions several other commentators on the subject, including Fowler 1926. Fowler points out that the all... not form is old, and instances this well-known example: • All that glisters is not gold —Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, 1597 Kilpatrick 1984 gives some more modern examples: • ... all of the people who supported Ronald Reagan in California were not opposed to him on this tax bill —Lyn Nofziger • ... indicates that all places are not undercounted to the same extent —James Trussell • ... all seventy-four hospitals did not report every month — Washington Post The point Kilpatrick is making with these examples is that in conversation these constructions are not ambiguous, but that they can be in print. In the last example did none of the hospitals report? Or did only some fail to report? In writing it would be entirely unambiguous put this way: "not all seventy-four hospitals report every month." Kilpatrick's examples also show this potentially ambiguous construction with every, everyone, and everything. He quotes Ann Landers: • Everyone in San Francisco is not gay. Putting the not first will remove the ambiguity: • Not everyone in San Francisco is gay. This is a point worth keeping in mind when you write. |
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