| 词组 | all of |
| 释义 | all of Copperud 1970, 1980 reports "a morass of conflicting opinion" about the propriety of whether all should be followed by of where of is unnecessary, as in "All (of) the percussion instruments" (American Mercury, January 1935, where of is included). Copperud goes on to say, "The point is hardly an important one, since the choice has no effect on meaning and is unlikely to be noticed by the reader." Copperud is right. But much has been written about this unimportant point, all the same. Let's begin with Bernstein 1971, who says, "The use of the word of after all has for some time offended certain authoritarians...." These authoritarians seem to have included one named Quackenbos (Practical Rhetoric, 1896, cited by Hall 1917), Bierce 1909, and Vizetelly 1906. Hall 1917 reports Alford 1864 as defending the locution, so there were perhaps earlier objectors in England. The phrase singled out by Vizetelly for particular censure, oddly enough, was all of them. He does not seem to have been aware that this phrase dated all the way back to Shakespeare: • I do forgive thy rankest fault—all of them —The Tempest, 1612 • ... so shall the Prince, and all of them —Much Ado About Nothing, 1599 • Ay, all of them at Bristow lost their heads —Richard II, 1596 Evidence in the Middle English Dictionary shows that at least as early as the 13th century all could modify a following pronoun. Thus, the King James Bible (1611) has in Isaiah 53:6 All we like sheep have gone astray — a locution picked up directly from Wycliffe's 1382 translation. By Shakespeare's time idiom required all of us; the King James Bible in following Wycliffe had used an archaic form. All followed by a personal pronoun has nearly disappeared from modern English; we have only a few examples: • We have been, all we Americans, strangely complacent —Ecclesiastical Rev., April 1939 • What all we of the general public have learned — Dorothy Canfield Fisher, ALA Bulletin, April 1943 Most modern handbooks (and there are many) expect all of before a pronoun: • We all of us complain —Joseph Addison, The Spectator, No. 93, 1711 (OED) • We all of us, from our own feelings, can understand —Lionel Trilling, Partisan Rev., September-October 1940 • King, like most all of us —Dan Wakefield, Los Angeles Times Book Rev., 25 Apr. 1971 • The students, almost all of whom live at home — James B. Conant, Slums and Suburbs, 1961 • ... has written some twenty books, almost all of which have been published —Current Biography, January 1964 • Your letter gave pleasure to all of us —Jane Austen, letter, 11 Oct. 1813 Vizetelly (and his followers) recommended that all of them be replaced by they all or them all; all can always follow the pronoun: • Fought you with them all? —Shakespeare, Henry IV, 1598 • And they all dead did lie —Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "The Rime ofthe Ancient Mariner," 1798 (OED) • "Your patron saint, such as we all have." —Henry James, The American, 1877 • ... solidarity between Gatsby and me against them all —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 1925 • They all played "Body and Soul" —radio broadcast program title, 1986 Bierce took out after all of followed by a noun; "all of his property" was the phrase he found to be "contradictory." Some other early commentator must have found such phrases redundant too—Utter 1916 mentions redundancy in his puzzled comment on the objection to all of them—for redundancy, not contradiction is the basis of remarks about all of down to the present time. Here, in fact, w^do have mixed usage, but (as Copperud and Bernstein suggest) it is not an issue of great importance. Whether you use the pronoun all, with of, or the adjective all, without of, is a matter of style, not of right or wrong. Here are some examples, first of the adjective followed by nouns: • All my pretty ones? —Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1606 • ... with all his feet off the ground —Ford Madox Ford, It Was The Nightingale, 1933 • All his long struggle proves —Stanislaus Joyce, Interim, vol. 4, 1954 • Perhaps the most unique of all these hills —Donald A. Whiting, Ford Times, February 1968 • ... bringing all these old stories together —Times Literary Supp., 9 Apr. 1970 • Just record on cards all those terms from this book —Robert Burchfield, in U.S. News & World Report, 11 Aug. 1986 The adjective is often used before an indefinite pronoun: • ... all these become the subjects —Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture, 1969 And here are some examples of the pronoun: • ... during Nehru's last illness, Mrs. Gandhi handled all of his affairs —Current Biography, June 1966 • ... all of this happens in a flash —William G. Moul-ton, NEA Jour., January 1965 • You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you can't fool all of the people all of the time —ascribed to Abraham Lincoln by A. K. McClure, Lincoln's Yarns and Stories, 1904 (in Bergen Evans, A Dictionary of Quotations, 1968) • ... a face-to-face talk, with all of its give and take — Edward P. Bailey, Jr., Writing Clearly, 1984 The pronoun, like the adjective, can be used before an indefinite pronoun: • All of this, and much more —Will Herberg, National Rev., 25 Aug. 1970 One additional point: a few handbooks (as Prentice-Hall 1978 and Little, Brown 1980, 1986) call for all of before a proper noun, by which, their examples show, they mean geographical names. Our evidence, however, is that both all and all of are used before such terms: • ... the best-equipped kitchen in all Boston —Current Biography, February 1967 • ... all Alexandria turned out —Lawrence Durrell, Mountolive, 1958 • ... the artlessness of all Ohio —Kay Boyle, Saturday Evening Post, 11 Dec. 1954 • ... the most fishable river banks in all New England —Edward Weeks, New England Journeys, no. 3, 1955 • ... the largest and most receptive audiences for new music in all of Europe —Current Biography, December 1964 • ... the most rugged country in all of Colombia — Preston E. James, Latin America, rev. ed., 1950 We can conclude that all of 'is usual before personal pronouns, both all and all of are used before nouns—the all users seem to be a bit stronger on the literary side. The choice is a matter of style and it is likely to turn on the rhythm and emphasis of your sentence. It is unlikely that most of your readers will even notice which construction you have chosen. See also both 4. |
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