| 词组 | however |
| 释义 | however The main problem raised by the commentators about however is its placement in the sentence. When used to mean "on the other hand, nevertheless, but" some commentators—Strunk & White 1959, 1972, 1979 and Zinsser 1976 among them—hold that however should not begin a sentence. This opinion is older than Strunk & White, but we are not certain where it began. Harper 1975, 1985, Bremner 1980, Bernstein 1971, and Heritage 1982 disagree with the prohibition; Bremner calls it a myth. Copperud 1970, 1980, Bremner, Bernstein, and Janis 1984 make the point that the however should be placed where it most effectively emphasizes the words the writer wants to emphasize. Here are a few examples of how other writers have chosen to place however: • ... made the 17th century Holland's Golden Era. In the 18th century, however, Holland suffered a gradual decline —William Petersen, Encounter, December 1954 • Critics were in general agreement in praising his sensitivity and fluent technique.... Some, however, found fault —Current Biography, July 1967 • Clearly the Guevara diaries were documents of the greatest political and historical interest and importance. However, neither the Bolivians nor the Americans ... were at first prepared to authorize their publication—Times Literary Supp., 14 Nov. 1968 • ... seeing sights on a flaming July day is tough. However, I found it very pleasant —Henry Adams, letter, 3 July 1859 • Black revolutionaries also face ethical dilemmas, however —Denis Goulet, Center Mag., May 1969 • It would have to come when I was in no state to answer your letter with words of cheer. However, better late than never —James Thurber, letter, 19 Mar. 1940 The only point that needs to be made is that there is no absolute rule for the placement of however; each writer must decide each instance on its own merits, and place the word where it best accomplishes its purpose. The treatment of the subject in Strunk & White suggests that placing however first in the sentence makes it mean "to whatever extent" or "in whatever way." In fact, the context determines this sense of however no matter where it occurs in the sentence: • Such are the harsh facts, and no new formulas, however ingenious,... can make them disappear —Walter Laqueur, Commentary, January 1972 There are also some objections to the combination of but however as redundant. Longman 1984, with an example in which the but and however are separated, rebuts the objections, saying that the combination is widely and respectably used. The objection seems to be grounded chiefly in Fowler 1926 and 1965; the examples in Fowler 1965 seem to be of the very kind recognized by Longman. This issue, then, is apparently primarily a British concern. See also whatever 1. |
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