| 词组 | wake, waken |
| 释义 | wake, waken We had a phone call not long ago from a concerned grandmother who was disturbed by her grandson's use of the past participle woken. She knew only waked and was surprised to find that woken was recognized as legitimate in the dictionary. Wake is a verb whose usage has changed in this century, and it will probably continue to change for some time to come. Waken is included here only by way of contrast: its principal parts are regular—wakened, wakening—and have not changed at all. The ferment noticeable in the past and past participle of wake comes from its origin. In the beginning there were two separate verbs, one intransitive with irregular principal parts and the other causative or transitive with regular principal parts. These coalesced in Middle English, and our modern muddle of inflected forms is the result. The OED tells us that the strong forms woke and woken are not found in Shakespeare, the 1611 Bible, or Milton's verse. The strong forms were in use by other writers around the same time, but Samuel Pepys used the weak forms: • But, Lord! the mirth which it caused to me, to be waked in the night by their snoring round about me —diary, 1 Oct. 1665 Woken was described as perhaps "obsolescent" in the OED in 1921; Fowler 1926 thought woke and woken both rare. But both forms, woke especially as the past tense, have undergone a revival in the 20th century, and are at the present time the dominant forms. For the past tense, woke is usual: • The porter woke by himself —James Thurber, letter, 4 Sept. 1944 • ... he woke once with the moonlight on his face — Ernest Hemingway, "An African Betrayal," in Sports Illustrated, 5 May 1986 • Every morning you woke to the smell of bread from the bakery downstairs —Jay Mclnerney, Bright Lights, Big City, 1984 • ... I woke to hear the clickety-clack of the wheels — Anthony Bailey, New Yorker, 29 July 1985 Waked was more common formerly than it is now, but it has not disappeared from use: • My Republican was borrowed before I waked — Emily Dickinson, letter, August 1884 • ... and only just waked up in time to dress for breakfast —New Yorker, 28 Nov. 1970 For the past participle, woken is the predominant form in British English: • In the mornings he was woken by his butler —Julian Huxley, Memories, 1970 • ... like a drunken man who now has woken pale green with hangover —John Bayley, Times Literary Supp., 20 June 1980 • ... one night he was woken by someone coming into the bedroom —Graham Greene, Getting to Know the General, 1984 In American English woken and waked are both used for the past participle: • Woken by a flashlight held close to her face —New Yorker, 9 Aug. 1982 • ... he had woken them, clearing his throat —John Updike, Playboy, 1 Jan. 1982 • ... I knew this was one time he would not mind being woken up —Harrison E. Salisbury, N. Y. Times Mag., 17 Apr. 1983 • During the night he has waked up sweating —Mary McCarthy, Occasional Prose, 1985 • ... is waked this morning by the whistling of the 7:18 —John Cheever, The Wapshot Chronicle, 1957 • ... she had been waked up out of that bed every morning —Dianne Benedict, Atlantic, February 1982 Woke as the past participle is less frequent: • ... it must have woke him up —Ted Williams & John Underwood, The Science of Hitting, 1971 See also awake, awaken. |
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