| 词组 | collusion |
| 释义 | collusion From the time of Samuel Johnson's 1755 dictionary and even before, collusion has been defined to show that it involves practices that are underhanded, deceptive, dishonest, or illegal. Typical uses look like these: • He knew that every bill for gasoline, oil, tires, and overhauling was padded, that the chauffeur was in collusion with the garage owner for this purpose — Thomas Wolfe, You Can't Go Home Again, 1940 • They suspected with some justification ... collusion between the French and British and the internal enemies of Bolshevism —George F. Kennan, Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1941, 1960 • ... the wretched police collusion, false and perjured evidence —William Styron, This Quiet Dust and Other Writings, 1982 From Fowler 1926 to Bryson 1984 usage commentators have warned against the use of collusion in a weakened sense where cooperation, concert, or collaboration might do. Such use is typically labeled "confusion," but from our evidence it is clear that there is usually no confusion. Collusion seems to have been chosen for its effect: • By collusion of nature and riotous living he was an extremely ugly man —Florette Henri, Kings Mountain, 1950 • ... this escapade, achieved with the unwitting collusion of their grandmother —Current Biography 1948 • ... Bay was the official and I the unofficial representative of the Board of Trade—another happy collusion —Francis Meynell, My Lives, 1971 • Probably it is blowing the whistle to reveal collusion between these competitors, but they did achieve a happy arrangement —Red Smith, TV. Y. Times, 17 Mar. 1978 • ... one of those authors who seem to write almost in collusion with their audience —Anatole Broyard, TV. Y. Times Book Rev., 9 Mar. 1986 In these examples, where nothing really underhanded or dishonest is going on, collusion has been chosen for an effect, such as irony or humor. But examples like these are not especially frequent; most writers use collusion in a straightforward way. In the examples in Fowler and Bryson collusion seems not to have been chosen for effect, but they are very brief examples. Our suggestion to you is not to use collusion for effect unless you make certain that the effect will be perfectly plain to everybody. If your context allows the understanding that you simply avoided collaboration or cooperation, some readers will think you have made a mistake. |
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