| 释义 |
■ had to inf.had to inf. 是 have to inf. 的过去时，但是意义有些变化。have to inf. 作为现在时，只能表示一种“必须”（主要是外加的，不同于 must），还没有真正实行（此时 have to 是表示延续状态的第一类动词），如：I have to go to bed. 只是表示要去睡觉，但是还没有真正上床去睡觉。过去时 had to inf. 就有些不同，它可以是仅仅一个必要性的表述（此时它是 have to inf. 的纯粹过去对应），但也可以是“有此必要而且事实上也做了”(此时 had to 就是表示瞬时动作的第四类动词，这就同现在时的 have to inf. 不完全对应）。 如果放在 that 从句中，主句是一个表白或看法，通常 had to inf. 是延续状态的“有此必要但尚未实行”。 - I realized I had to make a change.我认识到自己应该来一个变化。
- By Jove! He had to hurry if he was going to catch that rain home. (Katherin Mansfield, The Man Without a Temperament, in Collected Stoies of Katherine Mansfield, p.107)哎哟！他得赶紧，要不然就赶不上回家的火车了。
（有了 if，表明 had to... 是判断句，不是叙事句，事情尚未发生。） 但是如果没有提到任何表白或看法，had to inf. 通常就是“有此必要而且实行了”。 - Nothing's more frustrating than having to clean up the mess made by the poor decisions of others. Yet that's just what Congress had to do recently, when it passed an unprecedented financial stabilization plan to prevent the trouble on Wall Street from spreading to Main Street. (Sen. Mitch McConnell, KyPost, Oct. 10, 2008)别人作出错误的决定，留下个烂摊子，要你来收拾，这是再也令人气馁不过的事。但这正是国会最近不得不做的事，它通过了一个史无前例的金融稳定计划，要防止华尔街的麻烦蔓延到大街。
- But if I think about how I have been able to navigate some pretty tricky situations in my life, it has to do with the fact that I had to learn to trust my own judgment; I had to learn to fight for what I wanted. (Barack Obama, Newsweek, Aug. 23, 2008)但是如果想到我自己是如何在生活中应付一些十分棘手的局面的，这就要牵涉到一件事实，就是我不得不学会了要相信自己的判断；我不得不学会为自己所想要得到的东西去努力争取。
有时候，可以从动词时态或事件的先后对比，看出事情究竟实行了没有。 - Since he had to（尚未实行）finish the work quickly, he stepped up the pace.由于他必须迅速把工作做完，他就加快了进度。
- He was tired, since he had to（已经实行）run up to the house.他很累，因为他不得不快步跑上那栋房子。
- Doctors say Jacksonville lineman Richard Collier is paralyzed below the waist and that they had to（前面 say 用现在时，可见 had to 是已经实行）amputate one of his legs. (The Associated Press, Oct. 23, 2008)医生们说，杰克逊维尔的橄榄球前锋李察德·柯里尔自腰部以下瘫痪，他们已经不得不给他的一条腿实行截肢。
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