1. vt. & vi.前进，发展；促进　 cause sb/sth to develop, improve or move forward
2. vt. & vi.提高，提升　 raise, increase prices, etc.
3. vt.提出　put forward
4. vt.提前　 bring forward an earlier time
5. vt.预付，贷（款项等） pay or lend money before it is due

　～ a concept　提出一种思想
　～ a plan　提出一项计划
　～ a principle　提出一条原则
　～ a programme　提出一个方案
　～ a suggestion　提出一项建议
　～ an idea　提出一个主意
　～ an opinion on the matter　就此事发表意见
　～ human culture　促进人类的文化发展
　～ money to sb　预先付钱〔贷款〕给某人
　～ one's new theory of life　提出关于生命的新学说
　～ peace and friendship　促进和平与友谊
　～ production　发展生产
　～ reasons　提出理由
　～ sb a month's salary　预付某人一个月的薪水
　～ sb's interests　提高〔改善〕某人的利益
　～ the cause of human progress　促进人类进步事业
　～ the cause of peace　促进和平事业
　～ the development (of...) 　促进…的发展
　～ the friendly relations　发展友好关系
　～ the growth of wheat　促进小麦生长
　～ the left foot　左脚前移
　～ the movement to a new stage　把运动推向一个新阶段
　～ the prices of the goods　提高商品价格
　～ the relations between the two countries　促进两国关系发展
　～ aggressively　盛气凌人地向前进
　～ boldly　大胆提出，大胆推进
　～ cautiously　谨慎地提出
　～ quietly　悄悄地前进
　～ rapidly 　（价格）猛涨，（传染病）流行得很快
　～ reluctantly　勉强预支
　～ sharply 　（物价）陡涨，急剧上涨
　～ slowly　缓慢地前进
　～ steadily　稳步地前进
　～ suddenly 　（价格）突然上涨
　～ timidly　胆怯地提出
　～ by rushes　突飞猛进
　～ by strides　大踏步前进
　～ (prices) by 5% 　涨价5%
　～ (a person) from a lectureship to a professorship　把（某人）从讲师提升为教授
　～ from Friday to Wednesday　从星期五提前到星期三
　～ in knowledge　学识上有长进
　～ in office　升职
　～ in one's position　职位晋升
　～ in one's studies　学习进步
　～ in prices　涨价
　～ in rank　升级
　～ in stature　个子长高
　～ in the world　发迹，出头
　～ sb (money) on sb's salary　预付某人薪金
　～ sb to the position of manager　提拔某人任经理
　～ sb to the rank of colonel　晋升某人为上校
　～ with big strides　大踏步前进
　～ within a few feet of　前进到离…几英尺之内

　From that time on, science advanced more quickly.　从那时起，科学发展更快了。
　Though technology did not advance very rapidly in the Middle Ages, substantial progress was made.　虽然在中世纪技术发展不太迅速，但是仍然有很大的进步。
　She advanced greatly in her knowledge.　她在学识上大有长进。
　This tribe advanced in civilization.　这个部落逐渐文明起来。
　The procession advanced with a slow step.　游行队伍缓慢地前进。
　Prices are advancing.　各种物价都在上涨。
　If prices continue to advance, poor people will find it hard to live.　如果物价继续上涨，穷人的日子就更不好过了。
　Prices have advanced 15 per cent during the past year.　去年一年内物价上涨了百分之十五。
　The wages advanced, so did the cost of living.　工资增加了，生活费用也提高了。
　He advanced in office.　他的职务提升了。
　He advanced to meet the guests.　他走上前去迎接客人。
　The general advanced the soldiers.　将军指挥士兵前进。
　They advanced him over the heads of his seniors.　他们将他的职务晋升到高于他许多前辈的位置上。
　They talked glibly about unity but never did anything to advance it.　他们大谈团结，却从未做过任何实事来促进团结。
　That pact didn't advance peace among nations.　这一公约并未促进世界和平。
　Such books are likely to advance your knowledge of European history.　这类书可能会增进你有关欧洲历史的知识。
　He married the boss's daughter to advance his chances of promotion.　他与老板的女儿结婚，以便增加晋升的机会。
　They have further advanced the prices of these goods.　他们已进一步提高了这些商品的价格。
　They advanced the price of gasoline twice in one week.　在一个星期内他们两次提高汽油价格。
　The biologist advanced a new theory of life.　这位生物学家提出了一个有关生命的新学说。
　He advanced a large claim for damages.　他提出了一大笔损坏赔偿要求。
　Let us advance the meeting a few days.　让我们把会议提前几天。
　Is it possible to advance the date of wedding?　婚期可能提前吗?
　The rain greatly advanced the spring crops.　那场雨使春季作物的成熟期大大提前。
　I advanced 200 pounds more on these books.　这些书我又多预付了200英镑。
　He wrote requesting his father to advance ￡500 for the project.　他写信请求父亲为此项工程贷款500英镑。
　He was soon advanced in office.　他很快就被提职了。
　Research is also advanced by frequent conferences to exchange experience.　经常开会交流经验也促进了研究工作的发展。
　The prices of these goods have been advanced.　这些商品的价格提高了。
　Many diverse views have been advanced.　大家提出了许多不同的看法。
　The congress holds one session each year. When necessary, the session may be advanced or postponed.　大会每年召开一次会议，必要时，会期可以提前或推迟。
　The time of departure was advanced an hour.　出发的时间提前了一小时。
　If you are hard up, I can advance you some money.　如果你手头紧，我可以借给你些钱。
　He asked the employer to advance him a month's salary.　他要求雇主预支给他一个月的薪水。
　The firm advanced wages to him.　公司预付了工资给他。
　The banks often advance money to farmers for seed and fertilizer.　银行经常贷款给农民买种子和肥料。
　Fifty dollars were advanced to him on his salary before the work was done.　在工作完成以前我就已从他的工资中预支了50美元给他。
　She was cited as an advanced worker.　她被评为先进工作者。
　This book is written only for the advanced students.　本书是专门为高水平的学生而写的。
　We must acquire advanced science and technology.　我们一定要把先进的科学技术学到手。
　We must learn their advanced techniques.　我们要学习他们的先进技术。
　Some of them are engaged in advanced studies.　他们有些人在进行高级研究工作。
　He was suffering from cancer which had already reached an advanced stage.　他的癌症已经到晚期了。
　He passed away in Beijing at the advanced age of 90.　他以90高龄在北京逝世。
　His ideas are advanced, and only a few people could understand him.　他的思想是先进的，只有少数人能理解他。
　Tom is most advanced of all the students.　汤姆在这些学生中学习最好。
　His tuberculosis was far advanced that he could not be cured.　他的肺病已经严重到无法治疗了。

 ♣ advance against (v.+prep.)
　向（某人）发起进攻　threaten by moving towards, usually a person
　The forces of the enemy advanced against them.　敌军向他们步步逼近。
　Our soldiers advanced bravely against the enemy.　我们的士兵勇敢地向敌人挺进。
 ♣ advance on〔upon〕　(v.+prep.)
　向（某地）推进，进逼，向（某人）发起进攻　threaten by moving towards
　The soldiers advanced on the enemy.　战士们向敌人发起进攻。
　The two men advanced on each other with drawn revolvers.　这两个人都拔出了手枪，一步步相互逼近。
　We advanced on the enemy's position under the cover of darkness.　我们在夜幕掩护下攻击了敌人的阵地。
　The enemy advanced on Rome, and at last conquered it.　敌人向罗马推进，最后征服了它。
 ♣ advance to　(v.+prep.)
1. 推进到…，来到…，进入… reach, come as far as, usually a place
　Then he advanced to the rostrum.　然后他向主席台走去。
　The troops advanced rapidly to the river.　部队迅速推进到河边。
　The enemy have advanced to the edge of the forest.　敌人已经来到森林边缘。
2. 发展到… improve or move forward
　Because of reform and opening, China's industrial technology is advancing to ever-higher levels.　由于改革开放，中国的工业技术正向着越来越高的水平发展。
　We advanced from victory to victory.　我们节节胜利。
3. 使晋升到…，使提前到… bring forward to an earlier date or time; reach (cause to) (usually position, rank, etc.)
　The colonel advanced him from lieutenant to captain.　上校把他从中尉晋升为上尉。
　The date of the meeting had been advanced from June 10 to June 3.　会议日期从6月10日提前到6月3日。
　He was advanced to the rank of colonel.　他已晋升为上校。
　He was soon advanced to the position of Secretary of State.　不久他就被提升为国务卿了。
　He worked so well that he was soon advanced to a higher position.　他工作得很好，很快就得到了提拔。
　She was advanced from vice-president to general-president of the company.　她由公司副经理被提升为总经理。
　The date for the delivering of the lecture has been advanced to the end of the month.　举行讲座的日期已提前到本月底。
 ♣ advance towards　(v.+prep.)
1. 向（某人或某处）推进，逼进 come nearer sth, sb, or a place
　As I advanced towards the sleeping dog, it snarled and struck at me.　我朝那睡着的狗走去，它狂吠着向我扑来。
　The enemy is advancing towards the castle.　敌军正向城堡进发。
　The storm is advancing towards the city.　暴风雨正向这座城市袭来。
2. 开始成为或到达某种状态 begin to become or reach sth, such as a state
　〔说明〕 advance towards作此解时通常不用于被动结构。
　The world political system is advancing towards disorder.　世界政治体系正处于混乱状态。
　These youngsters are advancing towards maturity.　这些青年人正在逐渐成熟。

 ♣ advance against, advance on〔upon〕， advance to, advance towards
　这组短语的共同意思是“进攻”，它们之间的区别是：
1. advance to后只接“地点”; advance against后只接“人”; advance on〔upon〕与advance towards后可接“地点”，也可接“人”。
2. 接“地点”时，用towards表示“方向”；用to表示“抵达”；用on虽表示方向，却意在“抵达”，力图“攻占”。
 ♣ advance, further, promote
　这三个词的共同意思是“促进”，都用作及物动词。它们之间的区别是：
1. advance强调的是效果；promote强调的是外界的有利条件。例如：
　Selfless patriots advanced the cause of liberation.　无私的爱国者促进了解放事业的发展。
　A good example serves to promote good manners in the young.　好榜样可促使青年人讲礼貌。
2. advance的动机一般是好的；而promote有时指带有特殊动机的援助。例如：
　He promoted his own welfare at the expense of others.　他不惜以他人利益为代价换取自己的利益。
3. promote一般指发展积极因素；advance主要指发展积极因素，偶尔可指消极的副作用；further则不带任何色彩，既可指发展积极因素，也可指追求消极目的。例如：
　We'll do all we can to further your plans.　我们将竭尽全力推进你的计划。
　Crisis conditions furthered the spreading of rumours.　危机更加剧了这种谣言的传播。
 ♣ advance, proceed, progress
　这三个词的共同意思是“向前进”，都用作不及物动词。它们之间的区别是：
1. 在词义上， advance是“前进”; progress是“进步”；而proceed是“进行”，即开始或继续按一定程序进行。例如：
　Slowly but surely they advanced towards their objective.　他们缓慢地，但稳步地向着目标前进。
　The boy's piano-playing is progressing.　那男孩的钢琴弹奏在进步中。
　The talks proceeded in a friendly atmosphere.　会谈是在友好的气氛中进行的。
2. advance和progress常可互换。例如：
　Have you progressed〔advanced〕 in your studies?　你在学习中取得了进步吗?
　不过， progress注重目的性，而advance更注重效果。另外progress常可用于比喻义。例如：
　In three hours we hardly progressed at all.　有3个小时我们简直寸步难行。
3. proceed可接动词不定式，而advance和progress不可。
4. 祈使句中proceed用得多，例如：
　Let's proceed to the next item.　咱们进行下个议程吧。
 ♣ advance, move on
　参见move条。

1. 指挥官命令部下缓慢前进。
　［误］ The officer directed his men to advance forward slowly.
　［正］ The officer directed his men to advance slowly.
　［析］ advance本身的意思就是move forward，在句中用了advance就不可再用forward修饰。
2. 部队毫无畏惧地向敌人进攻。
　［误］ The troops advanced to the enemy fearlessly.
　［正］ The troops advanced against the enemy fearlessly.
　［析］ advance是不及物动词，其客体须由介词引出。advance to表示“向…进发”“向…前进”， advance against表示“迎击”“向…进攻”。

1. C U 前进，发展，改进，进步　 forward movement, development, improvement, progress
2. C 增长，提高　 a increase or rise in price, value or wages
3. C 借款，预付款，贷款　 money lent, money paid before it is due

　accelerate the ～　加快进行的速度
　admire sb's ～　钦佩某人的进步
　appreciate the ～　对预付款表示感谢
　ask for an ～　要求增加
　bring about an ～　使…提高
　cause an ～　导致涨价
　characterize an ～　具有增长的趋势
　check an ～　阻止涨价，阻止进攻
　constitute an ～　使贷款通过法律手续
　continue the ～　继续前进
　discourage an ～　阻碍前进
　encourage sb's ～　怂恿某人的前进
　facilitate ～　促进发展
　fear ～　害怕发展，忧虑涨价
　further ～　推动进步
　hinder ～　阻拦前进，妨碍发展
　make ～s　设法接近
　make an ～　取得进展，提供贷款
　obtain an ～　拿到预付款
　pay an ～　支付预付款
　provide an ～　提供贷款
　refuse ～s　拒绝求爱
　reject ～　拒绝贷款，拒绝建议
　reject ～s　拒绝亲近
　repel ～s　不肯接受友谊或爱情
　resist the ～　抵御进攻
　show an ～　呈现出进步
　smile at ～　对进步一笑置之
　stop ～　阻止前进
　win ～　得到提高
　arduous ～　费力的前进
　bold ～　勇敢的前进
　cautious ～　谨慎的提高
　constant ～　不断进步
　courageous ～　勇敢的前进
　decided ～　显著的进步
　definite ～　一定的进展，一定额度的贷款
　distinct ～　明显的进展
　dizzy ～　过快的发展
　economic ～　经济发展
　educational ～　教育的发展
　faltering ～　踉跄前行
　general ～　全面进步
　glacial ～　极缓慢的进展
　great ～　很大的进展
　haughty ～　傲慢的前进
　heavy ～　巨额贷款
　implacable ～　无法抗拒的进展
　important ～　重大进步
　incessant ～　不停的前进
　intellectual ～　理智的发展
　intimate ～s　不正当的亲密
　jaunty ～　满怀信心的前进
　large ～　大额贷款
　logical ～　合乎逻辑的发展
　lover-like ～s　情侣般的亲近
　major ～　重要进展
　marked ～　显著的进步
　material ～　物质进步
　medical ～　医学上的进展
　mighty ～　巨大进步
　modest ～　略有增长
　moral ～　道德的进步
　notable ～　显著的进步
　noteworthy ～　值得注意的进展
　ominous ～　不祥的预兆
　orderly ～　有规律的前进
　perpetual ～　不断发展
　persistent ～　持续发展
　prodigious ～　惊人的进步
　pugnacious ～　竞争发展
　rapid ～　迅速前进
　recent ～　新的进展
　reconnoitering ～　搜索前进
　remarkable ～　明显的进步
　sharp ～　急剧上涨
　small ～　小额贷款
　spectacular ～　惊人的进展
　steady ～　稳步前进
　step-by-step ～　逐步前进
　striking ～　惊人的进步
　studious ～　慎重的前进
　subsequent ～　其后的发展，随之产生的促进作用
　substantial ～　重大进展
　successive ～　连续增长
　swift ～　急进
　tactless ～s　笨拙的求爱
　tenacious ～　顽强的前进，始终不渝的前进
　tender ～s　温柔的求爱
　tremendous ～　惊人的进步
　trifling ～　少许进展，进展甚微
　triumphant ～　胜利的前进
　unflinching ～　果断的前进
　unprecedented ～　史无前例的发展
　during the ～　行军〔进〕中
　in ～　在前头，事先，预先
　in ～ of　在…前面，比…提前〔进步〕，超过…
　on the ～　逐渐上升〔涨〕
　with the ～　随着…的增长，与…俱进地
　～s from sb　某人的求爱
　～ in learning　学问的增长
　～ in knowledge　知识的增长
　～ in old age　年龄的增长
　～ in popularity　声望的提高
　～ in price　涨价
　～ in rank　晋级
　～ in science　科学的进步
　～ in wages　工资的增加
　～ of health　健康状况好转
　～ of a month's pay　预付一个月的工资
　～ of the army　部队的前进
　～ of the evening　夜渐渐深了
　～ of knowledge　知识的增长
　～ of learning　学问的增长
　～ of old age　年龄的增长
　～ of science　科学的进步
　～ on a contract　根据合同贷款
　～ on a theory　某一理论的发展
　～ on a view　某一观点的发展
　～ on doctrine　某一学说的发展
　～ on knitwear　针织品涨价
　～ on the prime cost　主要成本的提高
　～ over last year　比去年有显著的进步
　～s to business firms　给商行的贷款
　～s towards one's superior　亲近上司
　～ upon the former method　对旧方法的改进

　The advance was sounded.　进军号吹响了。
　The enemy's advance was slow.　敌人进展缓慢。
　There have been striking advances in space in the last 20 years.　在过去的20年中，空间技术取得了惊人的进步。
　There has been an all-round advance in sideline production.　副业生产得到全面发展。
　Discovering a cure for cancer would be a major medical advance.　发现治疗癌症的方法将是医学上的一大进步。
　The method was a definite advance over earlier practices.　这种方法跟早些时候的做法相比无疑是一种进步。
　He made a great advance in his studies.　他的学习进步很大。
　Under this system popular education has made persistent advances.　在这个制度下，普及教育取得了持续的进展。
　Science has made great advances in the last fifty years. 　50年以来科学已取得重大发展。
　The report reflects the latest technical advances.　这份报告反映了最新的技术发展。
　The forces made rapid advances in three directions, east, north and west.　部队向东、北、西三个方向迅速挺进。
　We all admire his advance in knowledge.　我们都佩服他在知识上的长进。
　Our troops soon checked the enemy's advance.　我们的部队立即阻挡〔拦截〕敌人的进攻。
　Don't mistake material advance for spiritual enrichment.　别把物质方面的进步误认为精神上的富裕。
　Nothing could stop the advance of the soldiers.　什么也无法阻挡战士们的前进步伐。
　There was an advance of two cents a quart in the price of milk.　每夸脱牛奶涨了二分钱。
　That caused an advance on the prime cost of goods.　那导致了货物主要成本的提高。
　I didn't expect this advance in price.　我不曾料到这次涨价。
　They asked for an advance in their wages.　他们要求增加工资。
　During the year many workers won wage advances.　在这一年期间有许多工人提升了工资。
　The factory gave me an advance so that I could get my necessities.　工厂先付钱给我，便于我买一些必需品。
　I was given an advance of a month's pay.　他们预付给我一个月工资。
　There is something about her that discourages friendly advances.　她有点儿令人不敢与之接近。

 ♣ in advance
1. 在前头 in the lead
　Wang Junxia was in advance throughout the race.　在整个赛跑过程中，王军霞一路领先。
2. 预先，事先 before hand
　Thank you in advance.　先行致谢。
　Everything was fixed in advance.　一切都是预先安排好的。
　The booking office sells tickets 3 days in advance.　售票处预售3天的票。
　There is no reason that you shouldn't tell them in advance when you are going.　你没理由不事先告诉他们你打算要走。
　We can reserve seats for you, only if you pay in advance.　只要你预先付款，我们可以给你订座。
　They will pay a hundred dollars in advance.　他们将预付100美元。
　They used to pay the rent in advance.　他们过去总是预付房租。
　The rent is payable in advance.　房租需预付。
　I received one month's salary in advance.　我预支一个月的工资。
 ♣ in advance of
　在…之前；超过　before; over
　I'll go a few steps in advance of you.　我将走在你前面几步。
　She walked 2 yards in advance of her husband.　她走在她丈夫前面两码远的地方。
　British Summer Time is one hour in advance of Greenwich Mean Time.　英国的夏令时间比格林尼治时间早一小时。
　The cooks arrived on camp in advance of the main party.　厨师们在大队人马之前来到了野营地。
　The express train reached Beijing ten minutes in advance of its schedule.　这列直快比预定时间提前10分钟到达北京。
　We should make arrangements in advance of the meeting.　我们应当在开会前做好准备工作。
　He is far in advance of the other pupils.　他遥遥领先于其他学生。
　Galileo's ideas were well in advance of the age in which he lived.　伽利略的思想远远超过了他所生活的时代。
 ♣ make advances
1. 垫款，预付，融资 expect to be paid later
　She made large advances to him.　她预支了许多钱给他。
　The Agriculture Bank made advances to their company.　农业银行给他们的公司贷款。
　I was wondering if you would care to make me a small advance.　我不知你能否借给我一点钱。
　The bank has made some heavy advances to the business.　银行已给这家公司提供了几笔巨额贷款。
　It is the business of banks to make advances to firms.　向商行贷款是银行的业务。
　An advance on wages was made.　预付了一笔薪水。
2. 设法接近，拉关系，献殷勤 try to establish a friendship with; attempts to become sb's friend
　The young man is making advances to the boss to try to increase his business.　年轻人正在跟那老板套近乎，以图扩大他的生意。
　This awful man made advances to me on the train.　那个讨厌的家伙在火车上向我挑逗。
　Bob made the first advances towards making up his quarrel with Dick.　鲍勃首先向狄克作言归于好的表示。
　He made bold advances to a woman sitting next to him.　他大胆地向坐在其身边的女人献殷勤。

 ♣ advance, advancement
　advance　和advancement是与动词advance对应的两个名词，意思相近。它们之间的区别在于：
1. 名词advance是与作为不及物动词的advance对应的；而名词advancement则是与作为及物动词的advance对应的。
2. advance表示的是“不及物的动作”，而advancement表示的是“及物的动作”。例如：
　China's industrial advance has been remarkable.　中国工业的进展是很惊人的。
　His advancement to such a high position has been rapid.　他很快地升到了这样高的地位。
3. 这两个名词后面都可接of短语， advance后的of短语表示动作的发出者（即主谓关系）；而advancement后的of短语表示动作的承受者（即动宾关系）。例如：
　the advance of science　科学的发展；the Royal Society for the Advancement of Science皇家科学促进会
4. 表示“行军”“向…前进”时，只能用advance，不能用advancement.
5. 在某些固定短语里，如in advance, in advance of等，只能用advance，不能用advancement.

　我还没有看出他的工作有何进展。
　［误］ I see no advance to his work yet.
　［正］ I see no advance in his work yet.
　［析］ advance表示“在某一方面或某一领域的进展”，须接介词in，不可换用其他介词。

1. A 预先的，在前的　 before hand, previous
2. A 预先做好的；预先供给的　 done or provided in advance

　～ contribution　先期交款
　～ control　超前控制
　～ deposit　预存款项
　～ guard 　〈军〉前卫
　～ information　预报
　～ man　先遣宣传员
　～ sheets　清样
　～ showing　预演
　～ story　预发新闻
　～ training　高级培训
　～ warning　预先警告
　～ agent　先遣人员
　～ base 　〈军〉前方基地
　～ copy　样本
　～ notice　预告
　～ payment　预付
　～ post　前哨
　～ ticket sale　预售票
　～ section of a train　火车的前节

　We sent out an advance party of soldiers.　我们派出一支先头部队。
　Our advance forces encountered a squad of enemy patrols.　我军的先头部队和敌军的一个班巡逻兵遭遇。
　They have got advance information of the storm's approach.　他们事前已得到将有暴风雨的消息。
　The college gave advance notice of the change of the date of our sports meeting.　学院已事先通知我们运动会改期。
　Owners of vacation resorts are encouraged by advance bookings to expect a record summer.　度假胜地的房主们因人们纷纷来预订房间而受到鼓舞，预计夏季会创最高纪录。

 ♣ advance, advanced
　advance　和advanced的区别在于：
1. 在词义上， advance表示“预先的”“在前头的”；而advanced则表示“先进的”“高级的”。
2. advanced可以用作定语，间或可用作表语，习惯接介词in；而advance只能用作定语，不能用作表语。例如：
　Most people find her advanced ideas difficult to accept.　多数人发现她那些先进的思想是难以接受的。
　My views are too advanced for her to accept.　我的观点对她来说太先进了，她无法接受。
　He was advanced in years.　他年事已高。
　We have given them advance warning.　我们已向他们预先发出警告了。
3. advanced可以有比较级和最高级，即more advanced（更先进的）; most advanced （最先进的）。

　对很热门的戏，必须先订票。
　［误］ Advanced booking is essential for very popular plays.
　［正］ Advance booking is essential for very popular plays.
　［析］ advanced表示“高级的，先进的”；表示“预先的，事先的”应该用advance.

　［派生词］ advancement n.前进；进步
　［同义词］ v. accelerate, develop, expand, further, grow, impel, improve, move up, proceed, promote, raise, urge n. advancement, credit, improvement, progress, promotion
　［反义词］ v. check, obstruct, retard, retreat n. decline, recession, retreat, withdrawal
　［词源］中古英语avancen（一直向前）