1. vt. & vi.抓；搔　 make lines on or in a surface with sth pointed or sharp e. g. fingernails, claws
2. vt. & vi.刮伤　 get (oneself, a part of the body) clutched by accident
3. vt. & vi.勾掉　 draw a line or lines through a word or words, a name, etc.
4. vt.退出比赛　 withdraw (a horse, a candidate, oneself) from a competition; take out (the name of a horse, a candidate) from a list of entries for a race or competition

　～ one's ear　搔耳朵
　～ one's head　搔头
　～ a hole　扒坑
　～ one's legs　刺伤双腿
　～ the table　划坏桌子
　～ eagerly　热心地勾掉
　～ inadvertently　非故意地刮伤
　～ industriously　勤奋地抓
　～ obviously　明显地刮伤
　～ ruthlessly　无情地勾掉
　～ sorely　使人伤心地退出比赛
　～ unexpectedly　意外地刮伤
　～ the plants away　把植物扒掉
　～ out a name from a list　从名单上划去一个名字
　～ together　拼凑
　～ up a bone　扒出一根骨头
　～ at　抓
　～ at the door　在门上乱抓
　～ for oneself　竭力独自谋生
　～ on　在…上刻画
　～ hand on a nail　手被钉子划伤
　～ name on the wall　在墙上刻下名字

　The dog is always scratching.　那条狗老是搔痒。
　The pen scratches badly.　这支钢笔钩纸钩得利害。
　He has a curious habit of scratching his ear while he speaks.　他有一种奇怪的习惯，一讲话就搔耳朵。
　Please leave off scratching your head.　请不要搔头了。
　Scratch yourself if you itch.　如果你觉得痒，搔好了。
　The cat scratched my hand.　猫把我的手给搔了。
　The cat has scratched a hole in the flowerbed.　猫在花坛上扒了一个坑。
　The brambles scratched my legs.　荆棘刺伤了我的双腿。
　The knife has scratched the table.　小刀划坏了桌子。
　I hope you are not going to scratch me.　我希望你不会把我的名字从比赛中划去。
　The horse was scratched.　那匹马退出比赛了。

 ♣ scratch about　(v.+adv.)
　扒，刨　 strip off or dig in light movements
　The farmyard was quiet, with just a few chickens scratching about.　这农家庭院静悄悄的，只有几只鸡在四处扒食。
 ♣ scratch away　(v.+adv.)
　抓；刮　 strip off or dig
　If you keep scratching away at that spot, you'll break the skin.　你要是不停地抓那个小包会抓破皮的。
　Most of the paint has been scratched away by heavy wear.　由于磨损严重，大部分油漆已剥落。
 ♣ scratch from　(v.+prep.)
　从…中除名　 remove sb's name from sth
　We had to scratch two players from the team because of damaged knee joints.　有两名选手膝关节受伤，我们只好不让他们参加比赛了。
　Jim should have an easy victory, as two of the best runners have been scratched from the race.　吉姆应该很容易地轻易取胜，因为两名优秀赛跑运动员已经从比赛中除名了。
 ♣ scratch out　(v.+adv.)
1. 刮掉；划去 remove off; cancel or erase by drawing a line through
　Scratch my name out please.　请把我的名字划掉。
　Names had been cut on the wall, but had then been scratched out.　墙上曾刻着名字，但后来被刮掉了。
2. 勉强维持 make or get with difficulty
　It wasn't easy scratching out a living in those hard times.　在那段艰难的日子里，糊口真不容易。
 ♣ scratch up　(v.+adv.)
1. 刮坏，磨坏 spoil sth by making marks with sth sharp
　The porters scratched up the desk.　搬运工们把桌子刮坏了。
　The surface of the table has been all scratched up by years of heavy use.　由于长期严重磨损，桌子表面已粗糙不堪。
2. 掘起，挖出 dig sth out
　That cat has scratched up all my young plants again!　那只猫又把我种的那些幼苗给扒出来了！

 ♣ scratch, grind, scrape
　参见scrape条。

1. S 抓；搔痒　an act of scratching (a part of the body)
2. C 抓痕，抓伤　a mark or small wound made by scratching
3. C 刮擦声　a sound made by scratching

　nasty ～　难看的划痕
　slight ～　轻微的擦伤

　His dog just gives a scratch at the door when it wants to come in.　他的狗想进来时就用爪子抓门。
　Her face was covered with scratches.　她脸上有很多划痕。
　I heard the scratches on the old records.　我听到旧唱片的沙沙声。

 ♣ from scratch
　〈非正〉从头做起，从零开始　starting from the beginning or with nothing
　It's completely ruined, so we'll have to start from scratch.　它完全毁了，我们只好从头做起。
 ♣ up to scratch
　〈非正〉情况良好，达到标准　in(to) good condition or at〔to〕 an acceptable standard
　Her performance wasn't up to scratch.　她的演奏没达到水准。