| 词组 | refer |
| 释义 | refer This verb is often used with back: • ... "Death in Venice" also refers back to Britten's earlier operas on nearly every page —Peter G. Davis, N.Y. Times, 13 Oct. 1974 Such usage has been the object of criticism at least since Krapp 1927 described it as "a crude pleonasm for refer" Among recent commentators who have cited refer back for redundancy are Shaw 1975, Harper 1975, 1985, and Copperud 1980. Bernstein 1971, on the other hand, pooh-poohs such criticism, asserting that "The notion of back is not at all prominent or even necessarily present in the word refer, which has as its primary meaning to direct attention to." We think that Bernstein makes a good point. Back may seldom be necessary with refer, but the "backward" connotations of refer are usually not strong, and back can be useful in reinforcing them: • Professor Dulles ... has throughout referred back to the original sources —Owen Lattimore, N. Y. Herald Tribune Book Rev., 2 June 1946 • They do not refer back to models in the reality we know —John W. Aldridge, After the Lost Generation, 1951 • I number them so that I can refer back to them when necessary —George Orwell, "Politics and the English Language," 1946 • I have to be careful with my own research. I put it down in black and white. People can refer back to it —John D. MacDonald, TV Guide, 24 Nov. 1979 If you tend to be especially sensitive to redundancy in writing, you may want to avoid refer back in your own. Many good writers find it useful, however. |
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