【问】 There are,after all,thousands of different languages in the world,and it is in the natureof language that each one seems uniquely important to those who speak it as their nativelanguage—that is,their first (normally sole) tongue:the language they acquired at theirmother’s knee. But there are more objective standards of relative importance. (GCE,P.2) [原译]世界上的语言不下好几千种,但对人们来说,他所说的那种本族语似乎特别重要,这是完全符合语言的特性的。本族语也就是人们的第一门语言(一般是唯一的),是人们小时在母亲的膝盖上就已学会了的语言。然而,每种语言的重要性都是相对的,还有更多的客观标准。(《当代英语语法》,P.2) more objective standards 是指“更多的客观标准”吗? 【答】 more+形容词+复数名词本身是一个歧义结构,例如:Morton has more expensiveclothes than I have.这种歧义,在句子本身之内常常是无法消除的,必须在大于句子的所谓“超句体”内寻找消除歧义的线索。就孤立的句子而论,这种结构一般可以作如下两种理解:A. more是形容词many(或much)的比较级,在句中作定语(即作名词的修饰语)。例如: 1. We have to have more and more specially trained people. 我们必须拥有越来越多的受过专门训练的人员。 2. We need more highly trained scientists. 我们需要更多的受过高等训练的科学家。 按照这种理解,more objective standards的意义是“更多的客观标准”。 B. more是副词,more+形容词构成形容词的比较级。例如: 1. [The constable was unpaid,however,and not expected to do more than carry out thelaw in country towns and villages where the commonest crime was likely to be the theftof someone’s wash.] In London more serious crimes were committed. [……]在伦敦则有比较重大的犯罪案件。 2. We need more highly trained scientists 我们需要经过更高训练的科学家。 3. In the more developed countries,the automatization of industry will lead to a high de-gree of efficiency in the production of manufactured goods,and is likely to have farreaching social effects. 在比较发达的国家里,工业自动化将会使工业品的生产达到很高的效率,并且很可能产生深远的社会影响。 按照这种理解,more objective意为“比较客观的(或更客观的)”。 但是,一般说来,这种歧义依靠上下文是可以排除的。例如,在我们所讨论的句子里,上文说:“每种语言对于把它用作本族语的人来说都似乎是特别重要的”,这样来看待某一种语言的重要性,显然是主观的,因而不能说明英语的重要性,所以作者接着说:“关于某种语言的相对重要性,是有其比较客观的标准的”(下文列举了四个标准)。因此,译文把moreobjective standards译为“更多的客观标准”,似乎缺乏根据。前面既然没有谈到客观标准,那么更多的客观标准又从何谈起呢? [试译]别忘了,世界上有好几千种语言。人们都认为自己所说的本族语特别重要,这是符合语言的本质的……但是,语言的相对重要性,却是有其比较客观的标准的。 通过上面对more的讨论,不难发现下面孤立的句子可能具有三层不同的含义: 1. The tourists wanted to visit more interesting places. (Advanced English Practice) (a)旅行者们想再参观一些有趣的地方。(...to visit an additional number of interesting places.) (b)旅行者们想参观更多的有趣的地方。(... to visit a greater number of interestingplaces.) (c)旅行者们想参观一些更有趣的地方。(... to visit places that were more interest-ing. ) 2. He needs more suitable companions. (A Dictionary of Modern English Usage) (a)他还需要一些适合的伙伴。(... an additional number of suitable companions. ) (b)他需要更多的适合的伙伴。(...a greater number of suitable companions. ) (c)他需要更适合的伙伴。(... companions who are more suitable. ) (见《中国翻译》1988年第3期拙文《英语的结构歧义和翻译》)