释义 |
■ you1) 古英语第二人称代词有单复数之分,单数(“你”)是 thou,复数(“你们”)是 ye。在现代英语,已经不分单复数,一律用 you。但是为了避免歧义,往往说“你们”时,后面加上个复数名词。例如: - you guys男女通用;
- you gentlemen专用于男性,较有礼貌;
- you ladies专用于女性,较有礼貌;
- you folks或 you people 男女通用;
- you kids专用于儿童;
- you two你们俩。
美国南方常用 you all(读音 y'all)表示“你们”,带有亲切的口气。这个 you all 甚至有它的主有形容词 you all's(=your)。 - What are you all's plans for Christmas?你们过圣诞节有什么计划吗?
在特殊的场合,甚至可以用一些别的词语来明确 you 所指。例如在一个警察破门逮捕罪犯团伙的场面,警察对几个不同的嫌疑犯发出命令说: - You by the wall!... Don't start anything! Just turn around and face that wall! You other two—join him, do the same.靠墙边的那个!…不许动!转过身,脸对着墙!你们另外两个,也同他一样。
2) 打电话时一开始互相通报是谁,不能单刀直入地称“你”“我”。中文可以问:“您是哪一位?”但英文不能问:*Who are you? 要问:Who is that? (美国英语可以以 this 代替 that: Who is this? 或 Who's there?)接电话要转告时问对方是谁,可以说:May I say who is calling? 熟人通电话时,问对方是不是某人,不能说 Are you...? 在英国要说:Hello, is that... ? 在美国要说 Hello, is this... ? 互相通报完毕之后,就可以“恢复正常”,用 you, I, me 了(参见 this 条)。 3) 中文以及许多其他语言,在第二人称的称呼上,出于礼貌考虑,比较讲究,也比较复杂。英文则自从以复数的 you 取代了单数的 thou 之后,就几乎让 you 一统了天下,倾向于简单处理。什么“你”、“您”、“君”、“阁下”、“台端”、“先生” 、“钧座”、“我公”、“明公”、“贵将军”、“使君”、“兄”、“仁兄”、“吾兄”、“足下”,甚至“殿下”、“陛下”,往往都可以用 you 一带而过(至少不必一再重复 Your Honour, Your Excellency, Your Highness, Your Majesty 等)。 - First, Your Majesty, thanks for coming. It's great to have you back... I look forward to discussing with you a wide range of issues of our—of mutual concern. And I look forward to your wise counsel and advise. (George W. Bush, Welcoming King Abdullah of Jordan, Dec. 4, 2003)首先,感谢陛下光临。欣逢陛下再到此地,十分高兴…我期待着同陛下一起商讨范围广泛的共同关心的事项。我等待倾听陛下睿智的意见和指教(you 在中文不能译成“您”,更不能译成“你”,只好一直译成“陛下”)。
- "Half a century has done nothing to diminish the respect and affection this country holds for you. We receive you again today in that same spirit,"Cheney told the queen (= Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, visiting the US) in a welcoming speech. (The Associated Press, May 4, 2007)(美国副总统)切尼在欢迎辞中对女王说:“尽管过了半个世纪,我国对陛下的敬爱丝毫未减。今天我们又抱着同样的心情迎接陛下。”
但是,直接用第二人称,有时候还是有点令人觉得不大妥当。因此,许多别的语文,都借用第三人称来表示。中文和日文也都与此类似,常常避免直接说“你”或“您”。英文则如上所述,不那么禁忌。但有时下级对上级也使用第三人称的名词来代替 you。 - If the captain is (= If you are) tired, there is a cot in the next room. I will be glad to wake the captain (= you) when the truck comes in.(小兵对上尉说)长官(长官您)如果累了,隔壁屋里有一张行军床。卡车一开进来,我就会喊醒长官(长官您)的。
4) 同许多语言一样,you 常常可以用于泛指一般的人,此时要注意不要误解为真正的第二人称。 - They never tell you the truth.他们从来不说真话(不光是对“你”或“你们”)。
- When she starts crying, you don't know what to do.她一哭起来,你简直就毫无办法。
- A hot bath does you a world of good.洗个热水澡大有好处。
- You can constantly deceive a group of people, you can deceive the whole people for some time, but you cannot deceive all the people all the time. (Abraham Lincoln)你可以一直骗住一群人,你可以骗住全体人民一段时间,但是你不能永远骗住全体人民(这话不是对着骗子说的)。
同中文的“你”一样,英文的 you 甚至可以用来指“我”自己。 - His death took me a year to get over; not that you're ever really over it.对于他的死,我过了一年才缓过来;其实你也没法真正缓过来。
英文的这个 you,甚至用得比中文的“你”更加广泛,有时候中文根本不能照译为“你”。 - You now have different groups... trying to vie for power within Iraq. (US Lt. Gen, "Ray Odierno", in Newsweek, Jan. 8, 2007, p.26)现在有不同的集团…在争夺伊拉克国内的权力。
- But hand-washing (in the ancient world) was more than pragmatic: it was also a sign of honor and civility, something you offered your guests, via a basin and towel, as soon as they arrived. (The New York Times, OP-ED, Nov. 27, 2007, A31)但是,(在古代世界),洗手这件事,不光是有实际意义:它又是礼遇与教化的一个标志,客人一到,就捧出水盆和毛巾来接待(这里的 you 当然不可能指现在活着的人)。
- If you have prolonged malnutrition in kids, it will have a long-term impact on cognitive abilities. It impacts your ability to learn in school and to earn as an adult. (Nicholas D. Kristof, in The New York Times, Op-Ed, April 2, 2009, A27)如果儿童长期营养不足,这对他们的智力会有长远的影响。这会损害他们在学校的学业和成年后的谋生。(第一个 you 翻译时转到了“儿童”身上;第二个 you 干脆译成“他们” )
有时候原先本来只是泛泛地提到“有人”如何如何,但是后面接着会来一个 you,其实所指的仍然是泛泛的“有人”,例如: - If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. (Barack Obama, victory speech, Nov. 4, 2008)如果有谁对美国究竟是不是一处什么事情都有可能的地方仍然感到怀疑,如果有谁对我们的开国先贤们的梦想时至今日是否还保持活力仍然看不准,如果有谁对我们民主制度的威力仍然有疑问,那么,今天晚上,你就得到了答案。
5) 在惊叹句中,或是表示同位关系,you 后面可以直接跟上一个名词(名词前甚至可以有形容词)。 - You bloody fool!你这个大傻瓜!
- You bad guy!你坏!
- You sweetie!心肝!
- You Americans are all the same.你们美国人都一样。
目录 |