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词组 between
释义

■ between

1) 这个介词后面如果有两个名词成分,按理两者的句法结构应该对称。但是往往为了省略而出现不对称的情况。

  • The most essential difference between learning the native language and a foreign language lies in …学习本国语言与(学习)一门外语之间最根本的不同,就在于…
  • There is often a difference between doing research in universities and in private industry.在大学里和在私人企业里做研究工作,是有区别的。

但是如果可能,最好还是设法做到对称。

  • differences in the standard of living between a steel worker in Pittsburgh and in Magnitogorsk匹兹堡和马格尼托戈尔斯克一个钢铁工人生活水平的差别。

要改成对称并不难:

  • between a steel worker in Pittsburgh and one in Magnitogorsk。

2) to keep something between us 是“只可你知我知,不得外传”。

  • What I'm about to say is strictly between you and me.我下面要说的事情,只可你知我知。

3) between 前面可以再加介词 in,成为 in between,可以合成一个复合介词。

  • In between trips to Britain, a personal milestone occurred in her life.在多次前往英国旅行的间隙当中,她的生活出现了一个个人的里程碑。

也可以合成一个状语词组。

  • We have to be more a part of what people are watching and reading instead of being in between. (BusinessWeek, Aug. 1, 2005, p.89)我们(登广告)不应该是在空隙时插进,而应该是人们无时无刻在观看和阅读的东西的一部分。

between Xs 或 in between Xs 还可以有“当没有 X 之时”的意思。

  • The Central Committee is the highest authority within the Party between Party congresses.中央委员会是党代表大会闭会期间党内的最高机构。
  • It's between terms. (John Darnton, The Darwin Conspiracy, p.474)学校在放假(term 是“学期”)。

而当一个失业者求职面试时,最好用 I'm in between jobs 的婉转说法来代替难为情的 I'm unemployed。

4) between A and B 是最常用的格式,但是如果前后有两组事物,事物在组内是多个的,A 与 B 为一组,C 与 D 为一组,说 between A and B and C and D 会令人不知所云,就要说 between A and B, on the one hand, and C and D, on the other。

  • It is the age-old battle between progress and reaction, between those who embrace the modern world and those who reject its existence — between optimism and hope, on the one hand, and pessimism and fear, on the other. (Tony Blair, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2007)这是一场由来已久的战斗,一方是进步,另一方是反动,一方是拥抱现代世界的人们,另一方是那些拒绝现代世界的存在的人们,亦即一方是乐观与希望,另一方是悲观与恐惧。

5) between A and B 的格式,有时候还会遇到另一个麻烦,就是对比的双方都是同一个抽象概念 X,用同一个名词表达,但是属于不同的对象 A 和 B,也就是:between X of A and X of B。此时,在语文安排上就出现一个问题:X 要不要重复?如果不重复,能不能用复数 (between Xs of A and B)。重复会显得十分累赘,抽象概念的名词又不能用复数。结果常常采取 between X of A and B 的形式。这个形式,从语言逻辑角度看,是有毛病的,因为 between 后面只有一个 X,如何 between 法呢?但是只要意思能够表达,不产生误解,就可以了。例如 2007 年底,美国民主党几名争取总统候选人提名的人(前总统夫人克林顿夫人,参议员奥巴马以及前参议员爱德华兹)争夺激烈。克林顿夫人曾谈到

  • a big difference between our courage and our convictions, what we believe and what we're willing to fight for.

这里的 between,后面当然不是 courage 同 convictions 之间,再后面也当然不是 what we believe 同 what we're willing to fight for 之间,而是抽象的事物在概念称谓上是大家相同的,但是你有你的内容,我有我的内容。有时候,即使不是十分抽象的概念,但是名词通常不用复数的,也采取这样的结构。

  • between the working class of China and Japan中日两国工人阶级之间,既不能说 *between the working classes of China and Japan,也不好说 between the working class of China and the working class of Japan。

6) 涉及两者之间取舍时,由于是“非此即彼”,容易在 between 后面的 X 与 Y 之间用 or 而不用 and,但这是不对的(因为这里是两者都同时摆在面前供选择,选择过程尚未结束,还是两个,不是一个)。

  • The choice lies between Smith and (*or) Jones.要在史密斯和琼斯两人当中作一选择。
  • The choice clearly lies between an honorable agreement of three or four powers on the one hand and (*or) a disagreement that might lead to anarchy and doom.要作的选择,显然是:要么由三四个国家达成体面的协议,要么就是达不成协议,从而可能导致混乱和灾难。

7) between 除了表示“(两者)之间”,还可以表示“(两者)加在一起”。

  • Medicare and Medicaid, which cover elderly and low-income patients respectively, eat up a growing portion of the federal budget. Investigations by Sen. Tom Coburn(R-OK) point to as much as $60 billion a year in fraud, waste and overpayment between the two programs. (Reader's Digest, Jan. 2008, p.89)“医疗照顾”与“医疗补助”是分别惠及老年病人和低收入病人的,花去了联邦预算越来越大的部分。汤姆·科本恩参议员(奥克拉荷马州共和党)所作的调查指出,两项的作弊、浪费和超额付款,加在一起,每年达六百亿美元之巨。

8) 有一种说法,认为 between 后面管两个,among 后面管两个以上,这种说法基本上是对的,但不够准确。如果只涉及两件事物,当然只能用 between。但是涉及三件或三件以上的事物时,不是一定不能用 between 而只能用 among。总的原则是:用 between 时,指的是一件件彼此分隔的单独事物,着重其“异”;用 among 时,指的是多件事物组成的混合集体,着重其“同”。因此:

a) 后面事物如果数目清楚明确(也就有独立存在的意义)时用 between。

  • a treaty between four nations一部四国条约。
  • Luxembourg lies between Belgium, Germany and France.卢森堡位于比利时、德国和法国之间。
  • He was happy to be among friends again.他很高兴又回到朋友们当中来了。
  • There was a village among the hills.群山当中有一个村庄。

b) 用 between 时,即使是三件或三件以上的事物,彼此界限还是分明的,并不混成一体,用 among 则表示已经纠缠在一起。

  • They fought among(*between) themselves.他们彼此打起架来。(自己内部打架,不是打别人)

此时即使数目明确,也用 among。

  • divide the candy among (*between) four children把糖果分给四个孩子(四个孩子是分配的范围)。

c) 同理,后面如果是集合名词,更说明了是混成一体,因此只能用 among,不能用 between。

  • We saw him among (*between) the crowd.我们看见他在人群中。
  • She stood among (*between) the audience.她在听众当中站立着。
  • My brother was traveling among a group of tourists.我哥哥正在同一批游客在旅游。

d) 由于 between 倾向于独立性而 among 倾向于集体性,下面例句就因 between 和 among 而在意义上有细微的差别:The bomb landed between (among) the houses. 用 between 时,炸弹落在房子当中的空地上(房子是互相分开的),没有击中房子。用 among 时,多栋房子合成一个“小区”,炸弹落到了小区里,可能毁房伤人。A series of wars between (among) the Greek cities 中,如果用 between,这些希腊城邦是各自以独立的身份作战;如果用 among,则给人以“混战”的印象,今天联甲攻乙,明天联乙攻甲,类似中国的春秋战国。

e) 同一类的事物,由于不强调彼此的差别,只能用 among,不能用 between。

  • She is among the best of our singers.她是我们最好的歌手之一。
  • There must be a spy among them.他们当中一定有一个间谍。

f) 同理,由于 between 倾向于独立性,当列举多件不同事物作为某一范围的外部标志时,也要用 between 而不能用 among。

  • Luxembourg lies between Belgium, Germany and France.卢森堡位于比利时、德国和法国之间(比、德、法三国并没有在此合成一体。如果后面事物数目含糊而且合成一个集体,就用 among)。
  • They searched the area between (*among) the river, the farmhouse, and the woods.他们搜索了河、农户房屋和树林之间的地带。
  • He shared his property between (*among) his wife, daughter, and sister.他把财产拿来在妻子、女儿和妹妹之间分配。

但是如果不是几个单数名词的并列,而是笼统的复数名词,则可以用 among。

  • He shared his property among his loved ones.他把财产拿来在亲人之间分配(外人没有份)。

g) among 倾向于表示“合在一起”,between 则偏重彼此界限,因此,凡是涉及“区别”、“差异”、“分歧”,就用 between,不用 among。

  • the difference between (*among) them他们彼此的差异。

h) 表示“保密”、“你知我知”、“不外传”,即使是多人,也不用 among 而用 between。

  • If these ideas were spoken publicly they would be unpopular. But between us here, I conceive them to be wholly realistic.这些想法,如果公开说出来,会不得人心的。但是,在咱们这里内部,我觉得这些想法是完全实事求是的。

i) 多个个体两两之间的关系,由于是单纯的双边关系,用 between。

  • the cracks between the boards of the ceiling天花板上板与板之间的缝隙。
  • The truck driver had obviously been drinking between stops.卡车司机显然在站与站之间喝了酒。
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更新时间:2024/10/30 10:23:34