1. vi. & vt.提到；针对　 mention or speak about; concern; be directed towards or be relevant to
2. vi.参考；查阅　 look at for information
3. vt.送交；提交　 hand over; submit
4. vt.归于　 point to as the source or origin of

　～ briefly　简短地提到
　～ generally　通常称为
　～ obviously　显然是
　～ roughly　粗略地提到
　～ back　重新回到
　～ to　提及，涉及
　～ to children　涉及小孩
　～ to one's past experiences　提起过去的经历

 ♣ refer back　(v.+adv.)
　转回；搁置　send back; lay aside
　The question was referred back.　该问题被搁置。
　The decision must be referred back, as there is now fresh information to be considered.　这项决定必须再次提交审议，因为现在有新的情况要考虑。
 ♣ refer back to　(v.+adv.+prep.)
1. 转回 send (a matter of consideration) back (to sb or a group that has considered it earlier)
　We referred the matter back to the Finance Committee.　我们把这事转回给财政委员会处理。
　The shop referred the complaint back to the makers of the article.　商店把投诉转给了商品制造厂家。
2. 重新提及；查阅；使记起或想起 mention sth again; remind (sb) of (sth already seen, spoken, or known)
　I would like to refer back to the first of my three points.　我想重新提一下前面谈到的三点中的第一点。
　We must refer back to the first letter we received from that firm.　我们必须回头查阅那家公司发给我们的第一封信。
　No referring back to books and notes!　不准看书和笔记！
　May I refer you back to my earlier remarks on this subject?　能否让我向你重提一下我在这个问题上先前讲过的话?
 ♣ refer to　(v.+prep.)
1. 提及 mention or speak of sb/sth
　Many teachers talk at length about educational principles without once referring to a real child.　许多老师滔滔不绝地谈论教学原则，却不提及一个实实在在的学生。
　Don't refer to the matter again.　不要再提这件事了。
　No one referred to yesterday's quarrel.　谁也没有提昨天吵架的事。
　The speaker referred to the past to make his point.　发言人谈到了过去来证明自己的观点。
　It was unwise in your speech to refer to rising unemployment.　你在发言中提到失业人数的增长是不明智的。
2. 暗指 allude to sth/sb
　Does your remark refer to all of us?　你的评论是针对我们所有的人吗?
　When I said some people were stupid I wasn't referring to you.　当我说有些人很蠢这句话的时候，我指的不是你。
　We referred to the U.S. Cabinet as of Sept.1, 1958.　我们指的是1958年9月1日当时的美国内阁。
3. 有关，针对 concern; be directed towards or be relevant to
　The regulations refer only to children.　这些规定只适用于儿童。
　The new law does not refer to land used for farming.　那条新法律并不涉及农业用地。
4. 提交…作处理〔决定〕 send or direct to (another place or person) for information, decision, or action
　For further particulars I refer you to my secretary.　详情请问我的秘书。
　If he gives any more trouble you refer him to me.　如果他再找麻烦，叫他来找我。
　He referred the case to the High Court.　他把案子提交给高级法院处理。
　The members referred the question to the committee, as they were unable to reach a decision.　成员们把这个问题交给委员会处理，因为他们无法形成决议。
　I was referred to the manager.　我被吩咐去和经理接洽。
　The dispute was referred to the United Nations.　这场争执已提交联合国处理。
5. 查阅；参考 consult sth; turn to sth for information
　If you don't know the exact meaning of the word, you may refer to the dictionary.　如果你不知道那个词的确切含义，可查阅词典。
　Refer to the dictionary when you don't know how to spell a word.　当你不知道怎么拼写一个词时，查阅一下词典。
　By referring to his notes, the speaker was able to give the exact details required.　翻阅了一下他的笔记，发言人能够把所要求的精确的细节讲述出来。
　I referred to my watch for the exact time.　我看了一下手表好知道准确时间。
　The asterisk refers the reader to a footnote.　星号是让读者参看脚注。
6. （把）…归因〔功〕于… believe sth to be the result of sth
　Some people refer all the troubles to bad luck instead of lack of ability.　有些人把自己所有的苦恼都归咎于运气不佳，而不认为是缺乏能力。
　Many successful businessmen refer their success to hard work and good judgement.　许多成功的商人把自己的成功归功于自己的辛勤劳动和正确的判断。
　The invention of the compass was referred to China.　指南针是中国发明的。
　This style of music is generally referred to the 18th century.　这种音乐风格通常属于18世纪。
7. 为…而向…提及 speak about sth for sth
　He never refers himself to us when he has difficulties.　当他有困难时，从不求助于我们。
　He referred to me for information.　他向我打听消息。
　The minister often refers to his connoisseurs and other experts for necessary information.　部长经常向他手下的行家和其他专家询问必要的信息。
 ♣ refer to...as
　把…称为；认为…是　regard sb/sth as what sb/sth is
　The children used to refer to that old teacher as Grandpa.　孩子们通常称这位老教师为爷爷。
　Don't refer to your sister as a silly pig.　别把你妹妹叫笨猪。
　On all occasions he referred to us as lads.　在一切场合他都管我们叫小伙子们。
　They referred to this kind of art as minimal art.　他们把这种艺术叫做微型艺术。
　The scientist referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.　这位科学家提到这一发现时，说这是这个领域中最令人兴奋的新发展。
　English is referred to as a universal language.　英语被称为世界语言。
　Coal is often referred to as food for industry.　煤通常被称作工业的粮食。
　A ship is sometimes referred to as "she".　有时候用“她”来称呼船。
　All these are referred to as animals.　这些都叫做动物。
　California is referred to as the Golden State.　加利福尼亚州被称为黄金之州。
　Accounting principles are also referred to as standards.　会计原则也可称作会计标准。
　A portion of the waves is there reflected from the object encountered and forms what is referred to as the echo signal.　然后，一部分这种波从所遇到的物体反射回来，形成一种信号，称为回波信号。

 ♣ refer, advert, allude
　参见allude条。
 ♣ refer, ascribe, attribute, impute
　参见attribute条。

1. 既然你说到有些人很愚蠢，那你指的是谁?
　［误］ Who were you referring when you said some people were stupid?
　［正］ Who were you referring to when you said some people were stupid?
　司令员提到了战争时期的经历。
　［误］ The commander referred his experience during the war.
　［正］ The commander referred to his experience during the war.
　委员会成员之间的纠纷都提交主席去解决。
　［误］ The dispute between the committee members is referred the chairman.
　［正］ The dispute between the committee members is referred to the chairman.
　［析］ refer表示“谈到，提及”“涉及”“查阅”时，是不及物动词，与介词to连用。
2. 当她有困难的时候，从不求助于别人。
　［误］ She never refers to others when she has difficulties.
　［正］ She never refers herself to others when she has difficulties.
　［析］ 表示“求助于…”应说refer oneself to, refer用作及物动词，通常接oneself作宾语。
3. 他向我们打听消息。
　［误］ He referred us for information.
　［正］ He referred to us for information.
　［析］ refer to sb for sth意思是“为某事而向某人提及”，亦即“向某人询问或打听某事”，其中to不可缺少。

　［同义词］ cite, quote; concern, deal, regard, relate, mention
　［词源］　中古英语referer（查阅，参考）