| 词组 | have got |
| 释义 | have got 1. Marckwardt 1958 points out that to many—perhaps most—Americans have got denotes mere possession, while have gotten donotes obtaining: • I haven't got a dime myself —E. L. Doctorow, Loon Lake, 1979 • However much money you have gotten from Thaw it is only as much as he wanted to give you —E. L. Doctorow, Ragtime, 1975 Have got is believed by several British commentators (including Longman 1984 and Strang 1970) to be more common in British English than in American English. Historically it goes back to the 16th century. Marckwardt says that it developed in reaction to a weakening in the ability of have to denote possession because of its increasing use as an auxiliary verb. Thomas L. Crowell in American Speech, December 1959, and Gowers in Fowler 1965 suggest that got may have been inserted in the construction because of the tendency for have to occur as 've in unstressed positions in the sentence. Have got came under fire in American English from Richard Grant White 1870. White considered the get superfluous in the construction, and he also objected because he felt the use was not the original meaning of get. (Evans 1962 explains, however, that it was a perfectly natural extension of meaning.) It was White's first objection that went into the handbooks and grammar books. Hall 1917 mentions three such from about the turn of the century. Bierce 1909 objects, and so do many others. But by the time of Evans 1962 and Bernstein 1971 a greater tolerance had developed. Bernstein quotes Gowers in Fowler 1965 on the side of acceptance. Curiously, later British commentators—Phythian 1979, Longman 1984, Chambers 1985—pick up criticizing where the Americans left off. This resumption of an old theme is even more curious with the conjoined names of Fowler and Gowers on the side of acceptance. Here are some examples, old and new, of the use: • ... ask George if he has got a new song for me — Jane Austen, letter, 27 Oct. 1798 • Is it a farm you have got? —Charles Lamb, letter, 10 Jan.1797 • ... has not Hobhouse got a journal? —Lord Byron, letter, 3 May 1810 • Haven't you got your little camera with you? — Lewis Carroll, letter, 10 Aug. 1897 • The Chinese haven't got anybody who'll protect them —Gough Whitlam, quoted in The Listener, 3 Jan.1974 • ... how we have achieved the spelling that we have got today —Howard 1984 • ... Mat's got the notion that you dont care much for home or old friends —Emily Dickinson, letter, 24 Mar. 1852 • "But have you got the grit, the character, the never-say-quit spirit it takes ... ?" —Russell Baker, Growing Up, 1982 • She knows she hasn't got real talent —Linda Wolfe, N.Y. Times Book Rev., 27 Apr. 1986 Have will do perfectly well in writing that avoids the natural rhythms of speech. But in speech, or prose that resembles speech, you will probably want have got. 2. Have got to . Here we have another curiosity. I have got to go is listed as an incorrect expression in Joseph Hervey Hull's Grammar of 1829. But our earliest printed examples come from the middle of the 19th century. The early examples are British and literary—Disraeli, Dickens, George Eliot, Trollope, Ruskin, Oscar Wilde, H. G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw—while Hull's grammar book was written for school use and published in Boston. Later negative comment on this construction comes from Vizetelly 1920, Jensen 1935, Shaw 1970, 1975, 1987, and Harper 1975, 1985. In addition to the literary names mentioned (they are from Jespersen 1909-49, volume 4), we have these examples: • South Carolina has got to eat dirt —Henry Adams, letter, 2 Jan. 1861 • But I've got to face the situation —Harry S. Truman, letter, 14 Nov. 1947 • We have got to come into court—the high court of public opinion—with clean hands —Dwight D. Eisenhower, quoted in Newsweek, 30 June 1952 • But I, as President, have got to maintain the accurate image that we do have a crisis —Jimmy Carter, quoted in N.Y. Times, 14 Feb. 1980 • "You've got to be kidding," I said —Tip O'Neill with William Novak, Man of the House, 1987 • Every man has got to stand on his own feet —William Faulkner, 8 May 1957, in Faulkner in the University, 1959 Have got to, have to, and the frequently recommended must can all be used in the present tense, but only had to can be used in the past. Got to, with the have omitted, is also used in the present tense, but primarily in speech. It is not, as Harper says, illiterate. • "You just got to grow up a little, honey," she said — John Irving, The Hotel New Hampshire, 1981 • You got to get away where you can see yourself and everybody else. I really believe you got to do that — James Thurber, letter, 20 Jan. 1938 |
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