| 词组 | and which, and who |
| 释义 | and which, and who These headings, sometimes compounded (as in Copperud 1970, 1980) with but, cover a number of constructions marked by faulty parallelism (which see) in the use of conjunctions and relative pronouns (and sometimes other connectives). The problem is better exemplified than described: • ... a lady very learned in stones, ferns, plants, and vermin, and who had written a book about petals — Anthony Trollope, Barchester Towers, 1857 (in A. S. Hill 1895) In the example and joins a clause ("who had written a book ...") with an adjective phrase ("learned in stones ...") not structurally parallel to it. The usual corrective measure would be to insert who was after lady and, perhaps, then omit the who after and. Copperud gives this a fairly long entry, Fowler 1926, 1965 devotes about five pages to it, and several other handbooks discuss the question. There is no doubt that this construction is a fault; A. S. Hill, in Principles of Rhetoric (1895), calls it "an offence against ease." It is more accurately an offense against elegance or precision. It is a minor offense, however; the examples we have are readily understandable notwithstanding the fault; one third of the Heritage 1969 usage panel even found it acceptable. Here are a few samples: • ... Stephen, with a glance serious but which indicated intimacy, caught the eye of a comely lady — Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil, 1845 (in Hill) • ... preserve for him his Highland garb and accoutrements, particularly the arms, curious in themselves, and to which the friendship of the donors gave additional value —Sir Walter Scott, Waverly, 1814 (in Hill) • ... the hold he exerted over the friend of his youth, and which lasted until her death, is here, rather tragically, revealed —Times Literary Supp., 31 Aug. 1951 • Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in force shall be deemed ... to be acceptances —Charter of the United Nations, 1945 The and which construction, in its various guises, is a fault that can be found, at least occasionally, in the work of good writers. It is most likely simply an inadvertency. Since it generally does not seem to interfere with the reader's understanding of the passage it appears in, it probably goes unnoticed for the most part. It is therefore a venial sin. We suggest that you try to avoid it, however, for when it is spotted, it distracts the reader's attention from more important matters—namely, what you are saying. |
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