| 词组 | cope |
| 释义 | cope Cope in the sense "to deal with and try to overcome problems and difficulties" has been used since Milton's time with the preposition with: • ... was beginning to feel a way towards a plan for coping with that old incubus —Stella Gibbons, Cold Comfort Farm, 1932 • ... it was this sudden change of mood that he felt he could never cope with —William Styron, Lie Down in Darkness, 1951 • ... had simply not been able to cope with the revolutionary new tactics —William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1960 Until the 1930s this appears to have been the only construction. Cope then came to be used absolutely, with no object added in a phrase introduced by with. This use is much like the absolute use of the verb manage. The Shorter OED dates it from 1932, the OED Supplement from 1934. It first appeared in British English and apparently became established there during World War II and its aftermath. A writer in the Yale Review in 1947 noted the appearance of the word in descriptions of making do under difficult circumstances in postwar Great Britain. In fiction it seems to have been primarily used in speech: • Heaven knows, I wish Roderick were free enough and old enough to cope! —Elizabeth Bowen, The Heat of the Day, 1949 • "My cousin Pamela Lyson is coping " —Elizabeth Goudge, Pilgrim 's Inn, 1948 • "She's not the sort to cope." —Joyce Cary, A Fearful Joy, 1949 • "We can cope," she said —H. E. Bates, The Scarlet Sword, 1951 But not all use was in fictional speech. Foster 1968 found it in a British soldier's account of his wartime experiences at Anzio in 1944. And it was used in general running text: • Imperceptibly it became easier. You were beginning to cope —Fred Majdalany, Patrol, 1953 • ... only 9 per cent were unable to cope at all — Times Literary Supp., 10 Sept. 1954 • After all, since the flying boats stopped, the old aerodrome, opened in the 1920s, has been coping — Robert Finigan, London Calling, 3 Mar. 1955 In the 1950s the new construction began to appear in American English: • ... and on that occasion reliable old Schrafft will be on hand to help you cope —New Yorker, 8 Dec. 1951 • Nevertheless, said he, the conference would have to cope —Time, 12 Dec. 1955 • Four divisions of Russian occupation forces couldn't cope —Newsweek, 5 Nov. 1956 In the 1960s the usage came to the attention of American commentators. Copperud 1964 may have been the first; he thought it correct but so unusual that people were likely to think it a mistake. The Heritage 1969 panel did not like it in formal writing, and Bremner 1980 does not like it at all, while the Harper 1975, 1985 panels accept it only in speech. E. B. White in his second and third editions of Strunk & White (1972, 1979) characterizes it as "jocular"; he seems to have been unfamiliar with contemporaneous use of the construction in the New Yorker. None of these American commentators reveals knowledge that the construction is fully established in British use; no British commentator that we have seen so much as mentions it. The OED Supplement, perhaps, is chary of it, labeling it colloq. But they seem to have less evidence than we've shown you so far; they reproduce only Elizabeth Bowen from 1934 and two comments on the construction from the 1950s. It has however continued steadily in British use: • I was too green to know that all cynicism masks a failure to cope—an impotence, in short —John Fowles, The Magus, 1966 • Never mind, she could cope —Daphne du Maurier, Ladies' Home Jour., Sept. 1971 • ... the French authorities would either have to confess their inability to cope or would have to find new methods —Times Literary Supp., 28 Apr. 1972 • The casualty department at the hospital, which dealt with 100 cases, coped very satisfactorily —Robin Morgan, Yorkshire Post, 7 June 1974 • ... the struggles of a young middle-class married couple who could not really cope —Margaret Cros-land, British Book News, May 1982 And furthermore it appears to be well established in general American use too: • ... Marshal Pétain, "due to age," a little less able to cope —Ward Just, Atlantic, October 1970 • ... their wraith-like mother, unable to cope since the recent death of the father —Dorothy B. Hughes, Los Angeles Times, 23 May 1971 • ... wresting their living from a precipitous land that seems to defy the very idea of giving man back any return for his sweat and labor. But the Sikkimese cope —Harrison E. Salisbury, Vogue, 15 Oct. 1971 • ... the astronauts would have been increasingly unable to cope —Henry S. F. Cooper, Jr., New Yorker, 18 Nov. 1972 • ... candid interviews with families struggling to cope —Ellen Chesler, N.Y. Times Book Rev., 28 Aug. 1983 The absolute use of cope is well established; it has had no effect whatsoever on the cope with construction. |
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