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词组 since
释义

■ since(“自从…”)

一般语法书上都说,since 作为连词时,从句通常用一般过去时,主句通常用现在完成时或过去完成时;作为介词时,谓语动词也是通常用现在完成时或过去完成时。这个原则是对的,但是有一些用法脱离了这个规定,而且这个规定本身也需要进一步具体分析。

1) since 作为连词时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,这个动词在大多数情况下是个瞬时体的第四类动词,动作或事件的瞬时发生,表明了 since 开始的时间点。

  • Ever since you arrived you've been causing trouble.你到这里以来一直都在惹麻烦(arrived 是瞬时动词)。
  • I have lost ten pounds since I started swimming.我自从开始游泳以来已经减了十磅体重(started 是瞬时动词)。

但是这个动词也可以是个表示某一时间点当时状态的静态动词(即本是无限的延续动词,但被时间点所限)。

  • I've worn glasses since I was six.我从六岁时起就戴眼镜了(was 本是个无限静态动词,但被 six 所限)。

或者这个无限静态动词尽管没有一个准确的时间点管着,但它的有效期仍然有个范围而不是无限的。

  • I have known her since she was a child.她从小我就认识她(was 本是个无限静态动词,但被 a child 限制了有效期)。

since 作为介词时,它的宾语通常应该是个时间点(笼统含糊的时段,例如:childhood,也是理解为时间点的)。for 则与之相反,它的宾语通常应该是个表示长度的时段,而且这个时段只有长度,在历史长河中没有一定的位置,可以放在这里,也可以放在那里。

  • We've been living here since 1974.我们自从 1974 年就住在这里。
  • We've been living here for twenty years.我们住在这里有二十年了。

但是在偶尔的场合,since 从句中可以不用一般过去时而用一般现在时(但动词不能是瞬时的)。

  • I have liked to listen to music since I can remember.我从有记忆的时候起,就一直喜欢听音乐。

其实这里的 since I can remember 是 since the time that I can remember,这里的 time 就是个过去的时间点,since 是个介词。

2) 从句的谓语动词,如果所表示的是一个过去开始一直延续至今的状态,就不能用一般过去时,而要用现在完成时,于是就形成主句和从句都同样用现在完成时的局面。

  • He has learnt a lot since he has been here.他来了这里以来,学到了不少东西(has been 是延续状态,不能改为 was,改了意义会大不相同,成了“自从他离开这里”)。
  • I've known her since I've lived in this street.我自从住在这条街,就认识她了(have lived 是延续状态,不能改为 lived,改了意义会大不相同,成了“自从我离开这条街”)。
  • I've read three English novels since I've been ill.我自从生病以来,已经看了三本英文小说(生病延续到现在)。

这里特别要指出,since 从句中的延续动词,用现在完成时,还是用一般过去时,意义差别很大。用现在完成时,since 所指的时间起点,是这个延续动词所指的时段开始之时。用一般过去时,since 所指的时间起点,却是这个延续动词所指的时段结束之时。

  • There have been too many new ideas since I was active.我退下来之后,有已经有许多人提出新的主张了(since I was active 指从 active 的时期结束之时算起)。
  • It had been a long, long time since my mother was able to listen to my problems. Dementia, the terrible thief, stole her memory and then her personality, one piece at a time. (Ellen Goodman, The Daily Gazette, Schenectady, New York, Dec. 9, 2006, A9)我母亲当时已经很久不能听我叙述我的问题了。痴呆症这个可怕的小偷,一点一点地偷走了她的记忆力,又偷走了她的个性(注意 since... was... 的否定意义)。

但是如果整个时态坐标向过去移动一个单元,since 从句的谓语动词无论本来是一般过去时还是现在完成时,都无区别地同样转换为过去完成时(参见 had + pp 条),此时要看这个动词究竟是延续的还是瞬时的。如果是瞬时的,这个动作或事件保持肯定(“自从发生某事之时以来”),如果是延续的,则这个延续状态是被否定因而在某一时间点结束的(“自从某状态结束之时以来”)。

  • It had been years since he had spoken German and he discovered how rusty he had become.他已经有许多年不讲德语了,他发现自己是多么的生疏。

3) 主句的谓语动词,如果要表示经过过去某时的某事之后发生了变化而现在呈现的状态,也可以不用现在完成时而用一般现在时或现在进行时,不用过去完成时而用一般过去时或过去完成时。

  • You're looking much better since your operation.你自从动了手术,现在气色好多了。
  • She doesn't come round to see us so much since her marriage.她自从结了婚,就不那么常来看我们了。
  • Things weren't going so well since Father's illness.自从父亲害了病,光景就不那么好了。
  • He hasn't read the newspapers since the elections. 与 He doesn't read the newspapers since the elections.表示的客观内容相同,但是含意略有差别。

前者是对迄今为止一段时间内的情况做一个概括(中文是:“自从选举以来,他就没有看过报纸”),后者则是介绍当前的习惯延续状态(中文是:“自从选举以来,他就不看报纸”)。

在以 Since when 开始的疑问句中,谓语动词如果是延续体的,也常常不用现在完成时而用一般现在时,这样的句子通常带有不以为然的口气,也不是真的要问“从何时起如此”。

  • —A: The best cure for that is to gargle with salt water. —B: Since when are you a doctor? —甲:治这个病最好的办法,是用盐水漱口。—乙:你什么时候当起医生来了?
  • Since when do you paint like that?你这样画是怎么一回事?

但是 Since when 的句子中,也有仍然用现在完成时的。

  • Since when has it been acceptable to have civilians killed in pursuit of criminals? (MindaNews, Sept. 1, 2008)追捕罪犯时杀死平民,难道是可以的吗?

如果动词是瞬时体的,则用一般过去时。

  • Since when did Sony become pirate-friendly?索尼公司是什么时候对盗版放任自流的?

4) 主句如果表示已经过了多长时间,英国英语可以用一般现在时的“it's + 多长时间”,美国英语则常用现在完成时的“it has been + 多长时间”。

  • It is/has been five years since the war ended.战争结束已经五年了。

而且美国英语在主句中往往使用一般现在时、现在进行时或一般过去时。

  • Since the accident I walk with a limp.事故以来,我就一瘸一拐地走路。
  • I'm feeling better since I had an operation.我自从动手术以来,感觉舒服多了。
  • I lost ten pounds since I started jogging.自从开始慢跑,我体重减了十磅。

5) 很值得注意的是:如果从句动词(瞬时动词)所表示的是不可能再重复发生的事,那么全句的意思可以从字面来理解,就像上面的 It is five years since the war ended. 这里 the war ended 不可能重复发生。

  • It's a week since he left.他走了一个星期了(走了的事不可能重复发生)。
  • It's been 62 years since Paul Vochringer was killed when his B-17 was shot down over Berlin. (The Daily Gazette, Schenectady, NY, May 29, 2006, A1)鲍尔·沃克林格因他的 B-17 飞机在柏林上空被击落而阵亡以来,已经过去 62 年了(该人的阵亡不可能重复发生)。

但是,如果从句动词所表示的事情本身可以重复发生,此时全句的意思就可能是否定的“自从过去某时发生过此事以来,已经有多长时间没有再发生此事”。

  • It's years since the family got together.一家人已经多年没有团聚了(团聚可以重复发生)。
  • It has been a while since we saw her.我们已经有一阵没有看见她了(看见她可以重复发生)。

如果是表示这个否定的意思,更多使用现在或过去完成时代替一般过去时。

  • How long since you've seen him?你有多久没见他了?
  • It's been a while since we've seen you. What have you been up to?有一阵没看见你啦。你干什么去了?
  • They didn't know how long it had been since he'd seen the inside of a church.他们不知道他已经有多长时间没有进过教堂了。
  • We had always been close, but this time, for some reason, we were a little awkward together, maybe because it had been several years since we had seen each other. (John Darnton, The Darwin Conspiracy, p.228)我同他本来一直都很亲近,但是这一次,不知什么原因,我们在一起有点别扭,也许是因为彼此好几年没见面吧。
  • It's been a long time since You've kissed your poor old mother good night.你已经很久没有亲吻你可怜的老母亲祝她晚安了。
  • It's been quite a few years since Paul and I have felt really close to our daughter.鲍尔和我已经有好多年没有对我们的女儿真正感到亲切了。
  • It had been so many years since they had been given choices of any kind.他们已经多少年没有得到任何作出选择的机会了(注意表示否定或怀疑的 any)。
  • It had been a long time since he had dreamed sweet dreams.他已经很长时间没有做美梦了。

6) 还要注意的是:since(尤其是作为介词)有时在句中并不是引入修饰谓语动词的状语,而只是作为某个名词的定语,尤其是有序数或最高级定语的名词。此时,谓语动词的时态和体貌就是“自由”的,不受 since 的影响。

  • He made his first public appearance since his father died May 3th.他自从他父亲 5 月 3 日去世以来第一次公开露了面(since 管 first,不管 made,因此 made 的时态是自由的)。
  • The powerful earthquake flattened homes and hotels in central Indonesia early Saturday as people slept, killing more than 5,700 in the nation's worst disaster since the 2004 tsunami.强烈的地震星期六早上夷平了印尼东部的住宅和旅馆,遇难者超过 5700 人,这是 2004 年海啸以来这个国家遇到的最严重的灾难(since 管 worst,不管 killing)。
  • This is the lowest since the committee began compiling statistics on banks' non-performing loans in 1999.这是该委员会自从 1999 年开始编制银行不良贷款统计数字以来最低的。
  • It would be a second meeting between the two leaders since June 2000.这将是 2000 年 6 月以来两位领导人之间的第二次会晤。

since 作为介词,如果引入的是“the time of + 某个历史上有作用的人名”,此时表示其遗风或影响的句子,谓语动词也可以用一般现在时。

  • Since the time of Bach, composers use all the scales.继巴赫之后,现在的作曲家就所有音阶都使用了。
  • The painters use colors differently since the time of Césanne.自塞尚以来,画家们的用色手法就大不相同了。

since 从句或 since 介词短语作为某个不定代词的后置定语时,主句谓语动词的时态和体貌,也同样是自由的。

  • ... the UN Oil-for-Food Program,... while it achieved its purpose, probably did more damage to the reputation of the UN and its secretary-general than anything since the withdrawal of the peacekeeping force from Sinai in 1967... (The New York Review of Books, March 29, 2007, p.35)…联合国的石油换食品项目…虽然达到了目的,但是也许对联合国及其秘书长的名誉造成了自 1967 年维和部队撤出西奈半岛以来最严重的损害…

7) 另外值得注意的一点是:受到 since 时间状语从句或 since 介词短语所修饰的主句,它的谓语动词通常是延续体的,表示自从 since 从句或 since 介词短语的事件或时间点以来,一直保持着这个延续的状态或动作。而且这个谓语动词通常要用完成时态(现在完成或过去完成)。

  • I've known her since 1980.我自从 1980 年起就认识她。
  • Ever since then, he has been feeling intense pain on the left side.从那时起,他一直感到左侧剧痛。

但是这个谓语动词在下列情况下也可以不是延续体貌的:

a) 用瞬时动词来表示某个过程或状态的开始,这就暗示了该过程或状态在延续中。

  • Since then, I have begun to use the computer.从那时候起,我就开始用电脑。
  • Since then they had started producing their own seed and raising nurseries in the village itself.从那时候起,他们开始培育自己的种子,在村子里办起苗圃。
  • Since last winter, they have begun delivering food supplies directly to the famine-stricken areas.去年冬天以来,他们开始直接向饥荒地区运送食品。

b) 用瞬时动词来表示发生了什么事,并暗示由此造成的新状态在延续着。

  • The building has been torn down since I left.自从我离开,那栋建筑物就被拆掉了(目前处于不存在的状态)。
  • Since then, we have learned Mars is still a candidate and maybe the best, but it is not the only candidate by any means.从那时候起,我们就知道了,火星仍然是个供选择的对象,而且也许是条件最好的,但绝不是唯一的选择对象(learn 是瞬时动词,但 learn 了之后就留下 know 的延续状态)。
  • Since then he has become one of the oldest serving state legislative leaders in the country.自从那时候,他就成了全国在位时间最长的州立法领导人之一(become 之后留下的状态延续至今)。
  • Since Barack Obama emerged as a serious challenger to Hillary Clinton for the Democratic presidential nomination, the primaries have become, in part, a referendum on whether Americans are more prepared for a woman or a black man in the White House. (Boston Sunday Globe, Feb. 17, 2008, D1)自从巴拉克·奥巴马崛起,成为同希拉里·克林顿争夺民主党总统候选人提名的强劲对手以来,各州的初选,有点成了一次公民投票,看看美国人究竟是准备让一名妇女,还是让一名黑人男子入主白宫(become 是重复多次的,还没有结束,而且留下延续状态)。

但是,如果瞬时事件是孤立的,没有留下后果,或者说话时并不考虑到留下的后果,这个瞬时动词就不宜同 since 并用,例如最好不要说:I have visited the Louvre since you left. 自从你走后,我参观过卢浮宫。但是如果有“总计”的意思,就可以说:I have visited the Louvre three times since you left. 自从你走后,我参观过卢浮宫三次(情况与 d) 类似)。

c) 瞬时动词被否定,形成了一个没有发生某事的时段。

  • He has never come back since he left.他自从走后,从没有回来过。

有时候否定词 not 可以提前到句首,在 since 之前,主句的主谓次序要颠倒,否定作用不影响到 since,而是否定主句。

  • Not since Alzheimer's disease was discovered in 1906 has there been a more crucial year than 2007 in our efforts against this mind-killer.自从老年痴呆症 1906 年发现以来,我们对这个心智杀手的斗争,从没有哪一年比 2007 年更为带有关键性。

d) 瞬时动词反复多次造成数量上的积累合计(其实是一段时段范围内的合计)。

  • Since the beginning of the campaign, they have raised two million dollars.自从筹款运动开始以来,已经筹到了两百万美元。
  • Since then, we have taught English to millions of students over 140 countries.从那时起,我们就向 140 个国家的数以百万计的学员讲授了英语。

e) 过程有终点的动词(第三类动词)用了进行时态失去终点,也形成一段时段。

  • I've been writing letters since breakfast.从早餐时起我一直在写信。

■ since(“由于…”)

since 除了作为时间主从连词表示“自从…”,还可以作为原因主从连词表示“由于…”。如何区别,主要要看主句和从句的动词时态,尤其是主句,如果不用现在或过去完成时,since 就是表示“由于…”。

  • Since she has had a series of acne laser treatments to reduce the scarring and redness, she feels a lot better about herself.由于进行过一系列的粉刺激光治疗来减轻疤痕和红斑,她现在的自我感觉好多了。

这一句中主句没有用完成时,而且从句中没有用一般过去时,所以 since 的意思是“由于…”而不是“自从…”。

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更新时间:2025/4/6 14:45:29