■ without

1) without + 名词成分 + 动词的 -ing 形式或动词过去分词，意思是“没有这件事发生”。

• The war was over without a shot being fired.兵不血刃，战争就结束了。
• Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.谁也没有发觉，他就爬出了窗口。
• I wouldn't dare go home without the job finished.活没干完，我不敢回家。
• One truck might have been stolen without its owner even knowing that it had been missing.有一辆卡车可能被偷了之后连车主人都不知道丢了。
• ... without there being any difference …没有任何区别。

2) without 与 with 呼应时，可以略去宾语。

• those with psychopathic traits and those without (The Economist, May 28, 2005, p.82)有精神病态的和没有的。

3) 作为副词，without 与 within 相对，表示空间的“外”与“内”。

• The door itself opened from without.门自己从外边开了。
• She cut open the fruit and began to suck out the soft flesh within.她把水果切开，把里面的嫩果肉吸出来。
• sagely within and kingly without（中译英）内圣外王
• Confucian without and Legalist within（中译英）儒表法里。