■ had + pp

1) had + pp 是动词过去完成时的标志。这个时态的动词（动词甲）在时间上，相对于另一个过去的时间参照点（表示事件或状态的动词乙的一般过去时），可以有四种不同的意义：

a) 动词甲是个瞬时动态动词（事件而非状态），表示甲事件发生在乙事件或状态之前，两者之间有一段或长或短的时间距离。

When I arrived she had just left.我到达时她刚走了。
He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom's pyjamas.丢失了箱子，只好借汤姆的睡衣穿。

本来，表示事件的现在完成时不可以同表示确切时间点的时间状语连用（可以说 *He has left at 4:00 p. m.）但是过去完成时却可以说 He had left at 4:00 p. m. （为 He had left 既可以是 He has left 的向过去移动一格，也既可以是 He left 的向过去移动一格，作为后者可以加上明确时间）。

The present storm had been born five days ago in the ice of the Colorado mountains. (Arthur Hailey, Airport, p.5)眼前这场暴风雪是五天前从科罗拉多山脉上的结冰那里发源的。

动词甲由于是瞬时动作，所以不可以同表示时段的 for 或 since 一起连用。

b) 动词甲是个延续的状态动词（一类动词）延续的活动动词（二类动词）表示甲状态或动作一直延续到乙事件或状态之时，而且此后可能继续下去，继续与否可以交代，也可以不交代（动词甲可以同表示时段的 for 或 since 一起连用）。

Bill was in uniform when I met him. He had been a soldier for ten years. （或 since he was seventeen）, and planned to stay in the army till he was thirty.结识比尔时他穿着军服。他当军人已经有十年了（从十七岁起就当军人）还计划留在部队里一直到三十岁为止。

c) 动词甲是个延续状态动词（一类或第二类）但是甲状态刚刚延续到乙事件或状态出现之时就结束了（词甲可以同表示时段的 for 或 since 一起连用）。

The old oak tree, which had stood in the churchyard for 300 years (或 since before the church was build), suddenly crashed to the ground.那棵在教堂院子里耸立了三百年的（那棵早在教堂还没有兴建之时就一直耸立在那里的）老橡树，猛然倒塌到地面上。
Peter, who had waited for an hour (或 since ten o'clock), was very angry with his sister when she eventually turned up.彼得等了一个钟头（从十点钟起就在等候），等到他妹妹终于来到时，他生气得很。

d) 动词甲是个第一类或第二类动词，但是甲状态或动作早在乙事件或状态出现之前就结束了，两者之间有一段时间距离（由于有时间距离，只能用 for，不能用表示“直到某时仍不止”的 since）。

He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married. His children were now at school.他在部队服役了十年，然后退伍结了婚。他的孩子们当时都上学了。

而且，如果时间坐标往现在移动一格，His children were now at school 变为 His children are now at school，则前面的 had served 不能变为 has served，只能变为一般过去时的 served。整段例句要改为：He served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married. His children are now at school.

e) 动词甲表示对客观情况的“估计”或主观的“计划”、“打算”或“表态”，动词乙（本来应该以一般过去时出现）则往往隐藏不出现。动词甲的过去完成时态，表示这个估计、打算或表态被事态后来的发展（隐藏的动词乙）所否定，已经失效（中文可以用“本来”来表示没有实现）。例如：

I had thought in my life I had witnessed all things. (in Kartoum, a film on British TV, 1972)我本来以为自己这一辈子什么都看见过了。（其实想得不对，如果 had thought 改为 thought，则可能想得对也可能想得不对。）

又例如 Lewis Carroll 的著名小说《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》(p.35) 中有一段：

However, it was over at last, and they sat down again in a ring, and begged the Mouse to tell them something more. "You promised (*had promised) to tell me your history, you know." said Alice.

这里的 promised 不能改为 had promised，因为到说话时为止对方并没有食言。

2) had + pp 如果与一个表示具体时间点的时间状语一起出现，有两种不同的意义。

He had arrived at six o'clock.这里的 at six o'clock 可以是修饰 had arrived 的时间状语（另一相对的后来时间点或事件没有明言），此时全句意义是：“他原先六点钟就到达了”；但是 at six o'clock 也可以是同 had arrived 相对作为参照的另一个（后来的）时间点，此时全句的意义是：“六点钟之前他就已经到达了。”

3) 一般语法书关于过去完成时的用法是：以某个过去的事件（用一般过去时表达）为准，如果另一事件发生在它之前，就要用过去完成时。

When I arrived, he had already gone home.我到达时他已经离开回家了。

但是如果不需要如此强调一先一后，英文往往可以不用过去完成时而用一般过去时。

He asked me when we came (*had come).他问我我们是什么时候来的。

又如：法国小说家莫泊桑 (Guy de Maupassant) 的小说 Pierre et Jean 中一个人对另一个人说自己是医生。既然说了，这个“说”就成了过去，对方说“你原先没有告诉我”，就是“过去又过去”，但是英译本却仍然用一般过去时：You never told me, 没有译为 You had never told me. 这样也不至于造成误解，因为谁都不会明明刚听到又马上说对方没有说，这个“没有说”只是指对方告知此事之前而言。

类似的情况还有：谈到一个人重访波士顿，可以说 He hadn't been in Boston for a long time. 他很久没有到过波士顿了。其实他现在已经身在波士顿，“没有到过波士顿”的状态刚刚结束。他如果这次没有来波士顿，还是停留在别处，也同样是 He hadn't been in Boston for a long time. 可见刚刚结束的状态，往往在说话中反映不出这个“结束”来。这在中英文都有相同之处。

4) had + pp. 可以在用一般过去时叙述了一段事情的经过之后，用来总结其结果，例如：

It was thus that a look unseen by these ladies did at last pass between Sarah and Charles. It was very brief, but it spoke worlds; two strangers had recognized they shared a common enemy. (John Fowles, The French Lieutenant's Woman, Chapter 14, pp.105-106)就这样，莎拉和查尔斯终于在她们不注意的当口交换了一下目光。那是短暂的一瞥，但却包含了千言万语。两个陌生人终于发现，他们有着共同的敌人。

随便看

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词组	had + pp
释义	■ had + pp 1) had + pp 是动词过去完成时的标志。这个时态的动词（动词甲）在时间上，相对于另一个过去的时间参照点（表示事件或状态的动词乙的一般过去时），可以有四种不同的意义： a) 动词甲是个瞬时动态动词（事件而非状态），表示甲事件发生在乙事件或状态之前，两者之间有一段或长或短的时间距离。 When I arrived she had just left.我到达时她刚走了。 He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom's pyjamas.丢失了箱子，只好借汤姆的睡衣穿。本来，表示事件的现在完成时不可以同表示确切时间点的时间状语连用（可以说 He has left at 4:00 p. m.）但是过去完成时却可以说 He had left at 4:00 p. m. （为 He had left 既可以是 He has left 的向过去移动一格，也既可以是 He left 的向过去移动一格，作为后者可以加上明确时间）。 The present storm had been born five days ago in the ice of the Colorado mountains. (Arthur Hailey, Airport, p.5)眼前这场暴风雪是五天前从科罗拉多山脉上的结冰那里发源的。动词甲由于是瞬时动作，所以不可以同表示时段的 for 或 since 一起连用。 b) 动词甲是个延续的状态动词（一类动词）延续的活动动词（二类动词）表示甲状态或动作一直延续到乙事件或状态之时，而且此后可能继续下去，继续与否可以交代，也可以不交代（动词甲可以同表示时段的 for 或 since 一起连用）。 Bill was in uniform when I met him. He had been a soldier for ten years. （或 since he was seventeen）, and planned to stay in the army till he was thirty.结识比尔时他穿着军服。他当军人已经有十年了（从十七岁起就当军人）还计划留在部队里一直到三十岁为止。 c) 动词甲是个延续状态动词（一类或第二类）但是甲状态刚刚延续到乙事件或状态出现之时就结束了（词甲可以同表示时段的 for 或 since 一起连用）。 The old oak tree, which had stood in the churchyard for 300 years (或 since before the church was build), suddenly crashed to the ground.那棵在教堂院子里耸立了三百年的（那棵早在教堂还没有兴建之时就一直耸立在那里的）老橡树，猛然倒塌到地面上。 Peter, who had waited for an hour (或 since ten o'clock), was very angry with his sister when she eventually turned up.彼得等了一个钟头（从十点钟起就在等候），等到他妹妹终于来到时，他生气得很。 d) 动词甲是个第一类或第二类动词，但是甲状态或动作早在乙事件或状态出现之前就结束了，两者之间有一段时间距离（由于有时间距离，只能用 for，不能用表示“直到某时仍不止”的 since）。 He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married. His children were now at school.他在部队服役了十年，然后退伍结了婚。他的孩子们当时都上学了。而且，如果时间坐标往现在移动一格，His children were now at school 变为 His children are now at school，则前面的 had served 不能变为 has served，只能变为一般过去时的 served。整段例句要改为：He served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married. His children are now at school. e) 动词甲表示对客观情况的“估计”或主观的“计划”、“打算”或“表态”，动词乙（本来应该以一般过去时出现）则往往隐藏不出现。动词甲的过去完成时态，表示这个估计、打算或表态被事态后来的发展（隐藏的动词乙）所否定，已经失效（中文可以用“本来”来表示没有实现）。例如： I had thought in my life I had witnessed all things. (in Kartoum, a film on British TV, 1972)我本来以为自己这一辈子什么都看见过了。（其实想得不对，如果 had thought 改为 thought，则可能想得对也可能想得不对。）又例如 Lewis Carroll 的著名小说《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》(p.35) 中有一段： However, it was over at last, and they sat down again in a ring, and begged the Mouse to tell them something more. "You promised (had promised) to tell me your history, you know." said Alice. 这里的 promised 不能改为 had promised，因为到说话时为止对方并没有食言。 2) had + pp 如果与一个表示具体时间点的时间状语一起出现，有两种不同的意义。 He had arrived at six o'clock.这里的 at six o'clock 可以是修饰 had arrived 的时间状语（另一相对的后来时间点或事件没有明言），此时全句意义是：“他原先六点钟就到达了”；但是 at six o'clock 也可以是同 had arrived 相对作为参照的另一个（后来的）时间点，此时全句的意义是：“六点钟之前他就已经到达了。” 3) 一般语法书关于过去完成时的用法是：以某个过去的事件（用一般过去时表达）为准，如果另一事件发生在它之前，就要用过去完成时。 When I arrived, he had already gone home.我到达时他已经离开回家了。但是如果不需要如此强调一先一后，英文往往可以不用过去完成时而用一般过去时。 He asked me when we came (*had come).他问我我们是什么时候来的。又如：法国小说家莫泊桑 (Guy de Maupassant) 的小说 Pierre et Jean 中一个人对另一个人说自己是医生。既然说了，这个“说”就成了过去，对方说“你原先没有告诉我”，就是“过去又过去”，但是英译本却仍然用一般过去时：You never told me, 没有译为 You had never told me. 这样也不至于造成误解，因为谁都不会明明刚听到又马上说对方没有说，这个“没有说”只是指对方告知此事之前而言。类似的情况还有：谈到一个人重访波士顿，可以说 He hadn't been in Boston for a long time. 他很久没有到过波士顿了。其实他现在已经身在波士顿，“没有到过波士顿”的状态刚刚结束。他如果这次没有来波士顿，还是停留在别处，也同样是 He hadn't been in Boston for a long time. 可见刚刚结束的状态，往往在说话中反映不出这个“结束”来。这在中英文都有相同之处。 4) had + pp. 可以在用一般过去时叙述了一段事情的经过之后，用来总结其结果，例如： It was thus that a look unseen by these ladies did at last pass between Sarah and Charles. It was very brief, but it spoke worlds; two strangers had recognized they shared a common enemy. (John Fowles, The French Lieutenant's Woman, Chapter 14, pp.105-106)就这样，莎拉和查尔斯终于在她们不注意的当口交换了一下目光。那是短暂的一瞥，但却包含了千言万语。两个陌生人终于发现，他们有着共同的敌人。目录
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