【问】 To become a member of the civic association,one need only attend three meetings,andto pay his fees regularly. (TOEFL,76.2) 书中答案规定将to pay改为pay,这显然是将need看成了情态动词(need attend andpay)。但是许多语法书都强调指出,作为情态动词使用的need只能用于否定句和疑问 句,而不能用于肯定句。例如: 1. She needn’t stay if she doestn’t want. 2. Does she need stay any longer? 3. He needn’t work so late,need he? (Hornby) 这样看,考题和答案似乎有问题。 【答】 作为情态动词使用的need,除用于否定句和疑问句之外.也可用于肯定句中。但是,need用于肯定句是有条件的。这个条件是:肯定句中必须含有某些暗含某种否定含义的词语,例如only,but,all,before等等,或者说句子暗含着某种否定含义。 1. There was another hour before I need go out into the cold. (Snow) 这句话的否定含义是:I don't need to go out into the cold now. 2. One need only consider the facts. (MED) 这句话的否定含义是:只需考虑这些事实,而勿需去做别的事情,上面的托福试题便属于这种情况。 3. He need do it but once. (Leech) 这句话的否定含义是:他不必做两次以上。 4. All he need do is state his opinion clearly. (Jacobsson) 这句话的否定含义是:除了清楚地陈述自己的观点之外,他不需再作任何事情了。 5. All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. (LEG,§11·49) 你需要做的只是从机场乘一辆出租汽车。 6. Americans,after all,come forward to embrace the foreign TV-man so welcominglythat all he need do is stand there and occasionally put out his foot. (The Observer) 要知道,美国人上前来如此欢迎地拥抱这位外来的电视人,以至他需要做的一切,就是站在那儿,偶而伸伸脚。(RWRT) 据RWRT的作者们解释说,that all he need do is stand there…可以释义为that he needdo nothing more than stand there... 下面的句子跟上面的考题很类似: One need think only of South Africa in 1972,New Zealand the following year and Argenti-na in 1981. (The Times) 我们只需要想一想1972年的南非,1973年的新西兰和1981年的阿根廷。 因此,上面托福考题中的One need only attend...and pay是正确的。 然而,RWRT的作者们同时指出,如果让美国人或加拿大人来写上面的句子,也许他们更喜欢选用all he needs to do和one needs only to think。 还应指出,情态助动词还可用于比较结构的肯定句中: Standards are lower than they need be. (Jacobsson) 标准比所需要的要低。