vi.　斗争，奋斗，努力 fight; try to overcome difficulties, etc.; make great efforts

　～ bravely　勇敢地斗争
　～ desperately　拼命地斗争，绝望地挣扎
　～ furiously　激烈地搏斗
　～ successfully　成功地作斗争
　～ wildly　疯狂地挣扎
　～ on　勉强支持下去，竭力维持下去
　～ against　与…作斗争
　～ against difficulties　同困难斗争
　～ against tyranny　与暴政作斗争
　～ for　为…而斗争
　～ for a living　为生计而挣扎
　～ for freedom　为自由而斗争
　～ for independence　为独立而奋斗
　～ for recognition　为获得承认而奋斗
　～ in sb's arms　（小孩）在母亲怀里挣扎
　～ through the snowstorm　冒着暴风雪行进
　～ to one's feet　挣扎着站起来
　～ with　与…作斗争

　The bandit struggled desperately.　那匪徒拼命挣扎。
　He struggled to the surface as the water dragged him down.　他从使他下沉的水中竭力挣扎，想浮出水面。
　It's hard to rescue drowning people because they struggle so much.　抢救溺水的人很困难，因为他们在水中不停地挣扎。
　The wounded young man struggled to his feet.　那位受伤的年轻人挣扎着站了起来。
　The pony struggled and kicked.　小马一面挣扎一面踢着。
　Martin struggled in the dark, without advice, without encouragement.　马丁在黑暗中挣扎，没有人给他建议及鼓励。
　He'd rather watch TV than pick up a paper and struggle through it.　他宁可看电视，而不愿拿起报纸费神地阅读。
　Two boys are struggling together.　两个男孩在打架。
　The two sisters struggled through the snowstorm.　两姐妹冒着暴风雪前进。
　She struggled forward for about half a mile.　她艰难地向前走了大约半英里。
　They were struggling to get out of the broken car.　他们在努力挣扎着从那辆破车里出来。
　They struggle to build a more democratic society.　他们为了建设一个更加民主的社会而努力拼搏。
　John struggled to pass his final examination.　约翰努力拼搏以通过这场期末考试。
　He struggled to control his temper.　他努力控制自己的脾气。

 ♣ struggle against　(v.+prep.)
　为反对…而斗争　oppose sth with difficulty
　He struggled against those who opposed his plan.　他与那些反对他计划的人进行了斗争。
　In Chinese history the peasants kept struggling against the rule of the feudal class.　在中国历史上，农民不断地与封建阶级的统治作斗争。
　What is the use of trying to struggle against the system?　力图反对这种制度有什么用?
　The swimmer struggled against the tide.　游泳者逆流而上。
　We must struggle against this prejudice for a more tolerant attitude to our beliefs.　我们必须反对这种偏见，以争得对我们的信仰采取更为宽容的态度。
　The workers have been struggling against bad conditions for too long.　很久以来，工人们就在为反对恶劣的工作条件而进行斗争。
　All his life he has been struggling against injustice.　他一生与不公正现象作斗争。
 ♣ struggle along¹　(v.+adv.)
1. 挣扎前进 move forward with difficulty
　The poor old man was only just able to struggle along with the help of a stick.　这可怜的老人拄着拐杖才能挣扎着行走。
2. 艰难地生活 be able to live with difficulty
　We struggled along for many years until things got better.　在情况好转前，我们一直艰难地过了好多年。
 ♣ struggle along²　(v.+prep.)
　挣扎着沿…前进　move forward along sth with difficulty
　The old man struggled along the road to his home.　老人挣扎着往家里走去。
 ♣ struggle for　(v.+prep.)
　为…而斗争　try to obtain sth from sb with difficulty, as by fighting
　The two men were struggling for the gun for several minutes.　这两人为那支枪争夺了好几分钟。
　The two men have been struggling for the leadership since last year.　这两人从去年起一直在争当领导。
　Most animals have to struggle for existence in a dangerous world.　大多数动物得在一个充满危险的世界上为生存而竞争。
　In the old days we had to struggle for our daily bread.　在旧社会我们得为糊口而挣扎。
　We should help those who are still struggling for liberation.　我们应当帮助那些仍然为独立而斗争的人。
　Our task is to struggle for the modernization of our industry, agriculture, national defence and science and technology.　我们的任务是为实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化而斗争。
 ♣ struggle in　(v.+prep.)
　在（某处）打架或挣扎　fight or make awkward movements in (sth such as a place or material)
　I struggled in the snow, trying to make my way forward.　我在雪地里挣扎着，想继续前进。
　We all have to struggle in life.　在生活中我们都得斗争。
 ♣ struggle on　(v.+adv.)
　挣扎着（生活）下去　continue to live although with difficulty
　Life was harsh for the first settlers in America, but they struggled on.　对于第一批定居美洲大陆的人们来说，生活是非常艰苦的，但他们设法坚持了下来。
　Whatever the trouble is, we have to struggle on with our lives, we have no choice.　不管有多难，我们也得挣扎着活下去，除此别无选择。
　It's not easy for him to study a foreign language at such an advanced age, but he struggles on.　他这么大岁数还学习外语，不是件容易的事，但他还是坚持下来了。
 ♣ struggle out　(v.+adv.)
　挣扎着出来〔去〕　leave a place with difficulty
　One by one, the insects struggled out of the smoke-filled hole.　一个接一个的虫子从满是浓烟的洞里挣扎着爬出来。
　She struggled out of the net which had trapped her.　她从陷入的网中挣扎出来。
 ♣ struggle with　(v.+prep.)
1. 与…打架，与…斗争fight with sb/sth
　The shopkeeper struggled with the thief.　店主与小偷搏斗。
　Don't struggle with a man who attacks you, you've no hope of winning and it will only make matters worse.　如果有人打你，你不要和他打，你没有打赢的希望，只会把事情弄得更糟。
　He struggled with his assailants and eventually drove them off.　他同攻击者搏斗，最终将他们赶走了。
　The dog struggled fiercely with the wild cat.　狗和野猫猛烈厮打。
　All his life he has been struggling with illness.　他的一生都在与疾病作斗争。
2. 在内心与（自己，自己的良心等）进行斗争 have an inner battle with (oneself, one's conscience, etc.)
　After struggling with myself for some days, I decided to accept his offer.　经过好几天的思想斗争，我决定接受他的求婚。
　You could almost see him struggling with his conscience before he chose to tell the truth.　在他最后决定说出实情前，你简直能看见他内心在激烈地斗争。

 ♣ struggle against, struggle with
　这两者都有“反抗”的意思。其区别是：struggle against指在艰苦的环境下奋起反抗或斗争；struggle with指试图控制或征服对方。
 ♣ struggle, fight
　参见fight条。

　他们和饥饿苦斗，渡过了难关。
　［误］ They struggled to hunger and passed the hardship.
　［正］ They struggled against hunger and passed the hardship.
　［析］ struggle against是固定用法，意为“和…斗争，苦斗”，其中against不能改为to.

1. C 打斗，搏斗，战斗，斗争　 fight
2. S C 努力，奋斗　 great effort

　carry on a ～　进行斗争
　go on the ～　坚持斗争
　lead the ～　领导斗争
　put up a ～　进行斗争
　wage a ～　进行斗争
　bitter ～　艰苦的斗争
　ceaseless ～　不停的斗争
　desperate ～　垂死挣扎
　dying ～　垂死挣扎
　fierce ～　激烈的斗争
　frantic ～　疯狂的挣扎
　internecine ～　自相残杀的斗争
　life-and-death ～　生死斗争
　unending ～　不停的斗争
　unrelenting ～　不屈不挠的斗争
　violent ～　激烈的斗争
　class ～　阶级斗争
　in ～　在斗争中
　be locked in ～　斗得难解难分
　～ against　与…的斗争
　～ against poverty　与贫困的斗争
　～ for　为…的斗争
　～ for justice　为正义的斗争
　～ to the death　殊死的斗争
　～ with　与…的斗争
　～ with one's conscience　同自己良心的斗争

　In the struggle to arrest the thief, the policeman's coat was torn.　在捕捉小偷的搏斗中，警察的外衣被撕破了。
　The long struggle between the unions and the government may settle down into an uneasy peace.　各工会与政府的长期斗争可能会平息，出现不稳定的和解。
　Three people were hurt in the struggle.　有3人在搏斗中受了伤。
　We'll see the struggle against hegemonism through.　我们将把反霸权主义的斗争坚持到底。
　This is referred to as "the struggle for existence"　.这通常称为“生存竞争”。
　A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.　外国语是人生斗争的一种武器。
　It was a hard struggle to get my work done in time.　为使工作按时完成，我作了一番努力。
　It was a struggle for her to make him understand.　使他明白对她来说真是件费劲的事。
　I had a struggle to make myself heard in all the noise.　我努力使自己在一片喧闹声中被听到。
　His life was a hard struggle with sickness.　他一生跟疾病作了艰苦的斗争。
　After a long struggle, she gained control of the business.　她经过长期的努力，在业务上已能应付自如。
　The victim put up a heroic struggle against his assailant.　那位受害者与攻击者展开了英勇的搏斗。
　He had lost his struggle to keep his job.　他竭力保住自己的工作，但失败了。
　Only the united struggles of the people of the world can check aggression and save peace.　只有全世界人民的团结斗争能制止侵略，挽救和平。
　He said that whatever happened he would see the struggle through.　他说无论怎样他要奋斗到底。

1. 这只猫挣扎着想得到自由。
　［误］ The cat made struggle to get free.
　［正］ The cat made a struggle to get free.
　什么是工作?工作就是斗争。
　［误］ What is work?Work is a struggle.
　［正］ What is work?Work is struggle.
　［析］ struggle表达具体化的“斗争，挣扎”时，其前可加不定冠词a. struggle用来表示抽象化概念的“斗争，挣扎”时，前面通常不加不定冠词a.
2. 在抓小偷的战斗中，警察的外套被撕破了。
　［误］ In the struggle of arresting the thief the policeman's coat was torn.
　［正］ In the struggle to arrest the thief the policeman's coat was torn.
　［析］ 当 struggle为名词作“战斗”或“斗争”解时，它后面往往跟动词不定式作定语，不用"of+v-ing”的形式。
3. 数千年来，宗教与科学经常在发生冲突。
　［误］ Religion and science have been in constant struggle for thousands of years.
　［正］ Religion and science have been in constant conflict for thousands of years.
　［析］ 宗教同科学是信仰和思想上的冲突，不是行为上的“争斗”，应该用conflict而不能使用struggle.

　［同义词］ v. fight, oppose, strive n. affray, battle, clash, conflict, contest, encounter, fight, attempt, endeavor, essay, exertion, labor, try
　［词源］　中古英语strugelen（斗争）