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词组 negation
释义
negation     

【问】 请详细谈一谈英语否定这一语言现象。
 【答】 否定是英汉两种语言里都很常见的现象。但是英汉两种语言表达否定概念的方式和手段却存在着很大的差别,因而在学习过程中,常常会遇到一些棘手的问题。
 举例来说,英语的否定范围(the scope of negation)就是一个很伤脑筋的问题。有时候,否定范围自否定词起一直延伸到句末*,例如:
 1. John didn't search the room carefully.
 约翰没有仔细地搜查这个房间。
 2.He did not come to work by bus.
 他没有乘公共汽车来上班。
 3. China of today is not what it was thirty years ago.
 今天的中国已经不是三十年前的中国了。
 4. Plastics don't rust like metal.
 塑料不象金属那样会生锈。
 5. In most solids,the molecules are not free to move about as they are in gases and liquids.
 大多数固体分子不像气体和液体分子那样能各向自由运动。
 6. Contrary to what is often thought,the earth does not move round in the empty space.
 与通常的想法相反,地球并不是在空无一物的空间中运转的。
 7. As we know,electricity can not be conducted by means of insulators.
 我们知道,电不能靠绝缘体来传导。
 8. The planets do not go around the sun at a uniform speed.
 行星并不是匀速地绕着太阳运行。
 9. We do not eat to live.
 我们不是为了活着才吃饭。
 但是,有时候否定范围则自否定词开始到句末的修饰性状语之前便告终止。例如:
 1. I have no other tools besides this.
 除此之外,我没有任何工具。
 2. None of the planets is inhabited,except the earth.
 除地球以外,任何星球上都没有人。
 3. There was nobody around at the moment but a doctor and an old woman.
 那时候,除了一个医生和一个老太太之外,周围没有任何人。
 由于英语的否定范围具有这么两种不同的情况,所以英语的许多否定句往往是有歧义的。例如:
 I wasn't listening all the time.
 可以把句末状语all the time理解为包括在否定范围之内,即I wasn't listening all the time.
 (=It is not true that I was listening all the time.)。
 我并不是整个时间都在听。
 也可以把句末状语all the time理解为不包括在否定范围之内,即I wasn't listening all the
 time. (For the whole time.I wasn't listening.) 。
 整个时间我都没有听。
 由于同样的原因,下列各句也是有歧义的:
 1. I didn't leave home because I was afraid of my father.
 可以把because从句理解为包括在否定范围之内,即
 I didn't leave home because I was afraid of my father.(=I left home,but it wasn't be-cause of my father that I did so.)
 我并不是因为怕父亲才离开家的。
 也可以把because从句理解为不包括在否定范围之内,即
 I didn’t leave home,because I was afraid of my father. (=Because I was afraid of my fa-ther,I didn’ t leave home.)
 因为我怕父亲,所以没有离开家。
 类似的例子,如:
 2. Mary doesn’t look good in all clothes.如把句末状语in all clothes理解为包括在否定范围之内,则得:
 Mary does not look good in all clothes.(=She does in some clothes.)
 玛丽并不是穿什么衣服都好看。
 如把句末状语in all clothes理解为不包括在否定范围之内,则得:
 Mary does not look good in all clothes.(=she does in no clothes.)
 玛丽穿什么衣服都不好看。
 3. I did not go there to play golf.
 这个句子有两个意思:
 a) 我去了那里并不是为了打高尔夫球。
 b) 我没有去那里打高尔夫球。
 4. The ambassador did not leave London to take up an appointment in Africa.a) 大使没有离开伦敦到非洲去就职。
 b) 大使不是为了到非洲就职而离开了伦敦。(或者:大使离开了伦敦并不是为了到非洲去就职。)
 5. Susan doesn’t see her father when he comes to London.
 a) 每当苏姗的父亲来伦敦时,她都不去见他。
 b) 苏姗不是在她父亲来伦敦时才去见他。
 遇到这类歧义句时,应依靠上下文和句子的内容来排除歧义。例如:
 1. The mountain is not valuable because it is high.
 从形式上看,这个句子既可译为:
 “山因为高而无价值”。
 又可译为:
 “山并不因其高而有价值”。
 但从内容上看,只有第二种译法比较合乎情理。
 2. The machine does not stop on account of the shortage of oil.
 从形式上看,这个句子既可译为:
 因为缺油这台机器不会停下来。
 又可译为:
 这台机器不会因缺油而停车。
 3. Contrary to what is often thought,the earth does not move round in the empty space.从形式上看,这个句子既可译为:
 与通常的想法相反,在空无一物的空间里,地球是不旋转的。
 又可译为:
 ……地球并不是在空无一物的空间旋转的。
 自然常识告诉我们,在例2、3中只有第二个译法才是正确的。
 4. The object did not move because I pushed on it.
 从因果关系上看,这句话的意思应当是:
 这个物体并不是因为我推它才移动的。
 但是,如果这个物体位于斜面上,似可译为:
 因为我推着这个物体,所以它才没有移动。
 5. I didn’t buy it because the price was exorbitant.(《高级英语》第一册,P.25)
 (a) 我并不是因为价格太贵而买了它。
 (b) 我没有买它,因为它价格太贵。(从句意看,后一译法是正确的)
 6. [The man wanted to fly to Rockall,a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean],but CaptainFawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.(New Concept English,Book2,L.29)
 福西特上尉没有运送他,因为这样的航行太危险了。(从句意看,只能有一种理解)
 下面是一些类似的例子:
 1. I don't teach because teaching is easy for me.(《大学英语》精读3,P.39)
 我之所以教书不是因为我觉得教书轻松。
 2. He didn't like them because they are always helpful but because they never complain.
 我喜欢他们,并不是因为他们总是乐意助人,而是因为他们从不抱怨。
 3. Raven didn't leave the party early because Carol was there.
 雷文并不是因为卡罗尔在那里而很早地离开了那次聚会。
 4. Raven didn't leave the party early,because Carol was there.
 雷文没有很早地离开那次聚会,因为卡罗尔在那里。
 5. Thatcher said,“I do not say this because I believe that we should be in any way provoca-tive towards the Soviet Union or anyone else. ”
 撒切尔说:“我这样说,并不是因为我认为我们应当对苏联或其他国家采取任何挑衅的态度。”
 6. MacMillan said,“My honorable friend and I will not be going to Moscow to conduct anegotiation on behalf of the West. ”
 麦克米伦说:“我尊敬的朋友和我到莫斯科去并不是代表西方进行谈判。”
 7. I did not do it because I am indifferent to your advice.
 ①我并不是因为对你的忠告漠不关心而没有做那件事。
 ②我没有做那件事,因为我对你的忠告不感兴趣。
 8. “Neither believe nor reject anything,”he wrote to his nephew,“because any other per-son has rejected or believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error.
 Use it.” (《大学英语》精读Book 2,Unit3)
 他给侄儿写信说:“不要因为别人相信和拒绝,你就跟着相信或拒绝。上帝赐给你一个头脑,是让你自己去判断真理和谬误的。使用它吧”。
 英语的否定重心(the focus of negation)是一个重要的语法范畴,也是学习时难以对付的一个问题。
 从语法上看,not与动词谓语连用时,是否定动词谓语的,no与名词连用时,是否定名词的。但是从否定重心的角度来看,not往往并不是否定动词谓语的,no也往往并不是否定名词的。例如:
 1. Scientists do not know exactly why the compound works so well.(否定重心是exactly,
 不是“不知道”,而是“不能确切地知道”)
 科学家们还不能确切地知道,究竟是什么原因使这种化合物具有这么好的性能。
 2.He didn't come to work by bus.(否定重心是by bus)
 他没有乘公共汽车来上班。
 3. If iron is stored in contact with dry air,it does not rust as much as in moist air.(否定重心是as much as in moist air)
 如果将铁放在干燥的空气中,它就不会象在潮湿的空气中腐蚀得那么厉害。
 4. Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against prey such as
 rats and mice,and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.(否定重心是for use against man)
 蛇有毒液,并不是为了对付人,而是为了对付象老鼠这样的捕获物……
 5. I didn't marry him for his looks.(否定重心是for his looks)
 我并不是因为他的美貌才嫁给他的。
 (参见focus of negation)
 (本条部分内容曾在《中国翻译》1988年第3期上发表过)

*参阅GCE. p. 381。


赵振才 编著.英语常见问题解答大词典.哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社.1998.第760-762页.
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