1) 要辨别这个 it 是真正的主语(代表前面谈到过的某事物)还是形式主语。如果 it 是形式主语,后面(尽管可能隔得很远)通常有 to + inf. 或动词的现在分词 + -ing,that 引入的名词从句或间接的特殊疑问句。
- The demise of Europe's constitution is no reason to celebrate. But sometimes it takes a disaster to produce change.没有理由为欧洲宪法的寿终正寝加以庆祝。但是有时候需要一场灾难才会发生改变(it 是形式主语,真正的主语是 to produce change)。
- It's good to eat.这吃起来是好的(it 是真正的主语)。
- It's lovely weather to go fishing.是钓鱼的好天气(it 虽然是无人称,仍是真正的主语)。
- Think of our state government countenancing such a drain in the public treasure. It's enough to give me a health problem of my own, in the head.我们的州政府竟然放任公共财物这样流失。这就足以使我自己出现了健康问题,脑子里面的问题(it 是真正的主语,代表前面整句的情况。to give 不是真正的主语,只是 enough 的附带成分)。
- Why can't we have a compromise? Legalize just marijuana. It's really no worse than alcohol. It's easier to educate and get people off of compared with the addictive drugs. (US News& World Report, Aug. 8, 2008, p.14)(讨论麻醉品可否合法化问题)咱们为什么不能来个折衷呢?就单让大麻叶合法化吧。它不见得比酒精更坏。它比起那些上瘾药物更为容易教育人们去戒掉(it 是真正的主语,指代 marijuana)。
- It was hard living
- to live in that city.住在那座城市是很不好过的(it 是形式主语)。
有时候 it 是形式主语,后面的真正的主语 to inf. 出现得很晚,或是前面有名词成分因而容易误将 to inf. 看成该名词的后置定语,需要注意。
- …it is no longer a mark of eccentricity to defend or of perversity to extol him. (Somerset Maugham, The Moon and Sixpence, Chapter I)…替他辩护,再也不表明你怪僻,赞扬他,也再也不表明你缺德了。
同样,有时候 it 是形式主语,后面真正的主语 that 从句出现得很晚,此时如果前文找不到 it 所指代的名词成分,就可以判断真形式主语何在。
- ... Thus Nicolas Sarkozy on his country's sclerotic universities. For an ambitious president, these might seem modest goals. But it is a measure of the universities' dire condition that they seem revolutionary. (The Economist, July 7, 2007, p.52)…(法国总统)萨科齐是这样描述他本国大学的僵化状态的。就一位雄心勃勃的总统来说,这些目标看起来未免有点寒酸。但是,连这样的目标都显得有革命性,各大学情况的糟糕也就可见一斑了。(后一句中 it 在前文没有所指,是形式主语,后面的 that 从句才是真正的主语)。
如果 it 后面找不到 that, to inf. 或 -ing 等可能作为真正的主语的成分,而且前文找到 it 所代替的名词,则这个 it 就是真正的主语。
- From 1814 to 1818 Schopenhauer live in Dresden, where his creative genius conceived and gave birth to a philosophical work which, for its depth and range of thought as well as for the clarity and brilliance of its style, was an outstanding achievement for so young a man. It (=his achievement) was the more remarkable in that, during the forty-one years he was still to live after its publication, he did not consider it necessary to modify or recast in any way the basic idea underlying this work. (The World as Will and Representation, English Version by E. F. Payne, p. v, Translator's Introduction)自 1814 年至 1818 年,叔本华居住在德雷斯登,他创造性的天才构思了并且产生了一部哲学著作,这部著作,就这样年轻的人而言,思想既深邃又广博,而且文笔明快优美,实属了不起的建树。更为了不起的是:著作问世后他还活了四十一年,但是他后来一辈子都不觉得有必要对著作的根本思想加以任何修改或重写。
这里 remarkable 后面的 in that,有了 in, that 就不可能成为 it 后面的真正的主语,所以这句 it 后没有真正的主语,it 不是形式主语,而是真正的主语,代替前句的 achievement。
有时候,也可以从 It's 后面的形容词看出 it 是真正的主语或是形式主语。例如:形容词如果是 enough,则通常 enough 单独出现意思不完全,需要后面有 to inf. 来充实它的意义,因而这个 to inf. 就不大可能是用 it 来提前代表的真正的主语,从而句首的 It 就大概是真正的主语而非形式主语。
- Moving out of one house before the other is ready is a surefire recipe for grey hairs. It's enough to make your head spin.另一边房子还没有准备就绪就搬起家来,这倒是让你长出灰头发的灵验药方。光是这样做,就够你晕头转向的。
有时候形式主语 it 后面的真正的主语除了是动词不定式、动词现在分词或 that 引入的名词从句之外,偶尔也可以是个名词成分。
- It just scares me to death the amount of kids I see using chew tobacco.看到这么多的孩子使用咀嚼香烟,真的把我吓死。
it 作为形式主语出现在句首,后面才出现 to inf. 或 that 从句作为真正的主语,这种句型,同那种不要 it,一开始就以 to inf. 或 that 从句放在句首作主语的句型,客观的意义内容是相同的,但是在主述位切分上(亦即在交际目的上)有区别。以 it 开首作形式主语,后面的真正的主语 to inf. 或 that 从句倾向于作为新知信息(即述位);而一开始就以 to inf. 或 that 从句作为主语,它就倾向于作为已知信息(即主位)。
- It is certain that prices will go up.肯定物价要涨。
这里的 prices will go up 倾向于是个新知信息。That prices will go up is certain 中,prices will go up 倾向于是个已知信息,is certain 才是新知信息:“物价要涨是肯定的。”
it 还可以不出现在句首而在句中,不作为形式主语,而作为假宾语,它后面常常有动词不定式或 that 名词从句作为真宾语。
- He wanted to make it clear(that) he was right.他想说清楚他是对的。
- The Patriot Act makes it a crime for the person or organization ordered to produce records to tell anyone about the request.《爱国法》规定,任何人或组织被命令出示记录,如果将这个要求告知任何他人,即为犯罪(这里要注意,真宾语是 to tell,而不是它前面的另一动词不定式 to produce)。
- Cleve, after a few drinks, had let it slip that...喝了几杯之后,克里夫就吐露…
2) 要辨别这个 it 究竟是一个用于强调结构的引词 (anticipatory),还是一个的确代表某个前文已提及的名词的代词。例如:
- Passing the mayor's office, I saw people standing before the little bulletin board. For two years it was there that we received news of battles, of victories and defeats. (Alphonse Daudet, The Last Lesson)
这里的 it,骤然一看,容易以为是代替 bulletin board 的代词(笔者本人青少年时代学英文,背诵这一课,也是这样误解的),但其实它是个引词,组成强调结构,将 we received there news of battles...中的 there 抽出作为强调点:“经过镇公所的时候,我看见小小的布告板前面站着一群人。两年来,我们一直就是在那里看到战况的消息,有打赢的,有打输的。”