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■ with1中国人学英文，对 with 最熟悉的理解，无非“同…一起”和“用（某手段）”。其实 with 的含义比这个复杂一些。 1) 许多词典没有收进的一个词义用法，是引入某人的工作单位或某顾客购物的商店或订购商品的厂家。 - associate professor of physics with the United States Air Force Academy美国空军学院物理学副教授
- He had been with FDA a year.他曾经在食品药物管理局干过一年。
- Are you still with Davis Tools?你还在戴维斯工具店工作吗？
- He wondered how long his tenure with the bank could continue.他不知道自己在那家银行还能干多久。
- I wonder if you're already insured with GEICO.不知道您是否已经在 GEICO 公司保了险。
- Thank you for shopping with us.感谢光顾敝店（不是“同我们一起购物”）。
- They placed their first orders with Walter Somers of Birmington for the tubes sections.他们向伯明顿的瓦尔特·索默斯公司订第一批货，要购买那几节的管子。
与上面的含义相仿，with 还可以引入主客关系中的“主方”。 - ... families unable to give cash often provide non-monetary help, such as offering to baby-sit their grandchildren or allowing adult children to move in with them. (US News & World Report, Dec. 24, 2007, p.52)…拿不出现金来的人家，就常常（给成年子女）提供非钱财的支援，例如答应代为照料孙子辈，或是让成年子女搬进自己家里来居住（with them 的 them，就是开头的 families。要注意：这里的 with 指“到…家中”，不是“同…一道”；to move in with them 是“搬进他们家中”，而不是“同他们一道搬进来”）。
- You must have spent a fortune on hotels during your trip. Couldn't you stay with your friends, or your friend's friends? 你此行住旅馆一定花了许多钱。你不能住在朋友家或者朋友的朋友家吗？... I am informed that she lodged with a female cousin. (John Fowles, The French Lieutenant's Woman, Chapter 6, p.34)我听说她寄住在一个表姐妹家。
2) 另一个许多词典没有收进的用法，是表示“向（某机构提出某问题或事项或办理某手续）”。 - Between 1996 and 2000, the United States filed 15 cases with the World Trade Organization alleging violations of patent and copyright protection.自 1996 年至 2000 年，美国向世界贸易组织提出了十五宗声称专利权和版权受到侵犯的案件。
- If you are traveling abroad, you can register with the nearest US embassy or consulate.你如果在国外旅行，可以到最近处的美国大使馆或领事馆登记。
- You must file the form with us with the correct fee within 30 days after you receive a denial letter.您必须在收到拒绝信后三十天之内将表格连同全额费用提交本局。
- As of the most recent filings with the state Board of Elections...根据已经报请州选举委员会备案的最新资料…
3) 也可以表示“向（某人）”提出某个问题（中国人可能第一个想到的介词是 to，其实不一定合适）。 - President Clinton, on three occasions, raised concerns directly with Pakistani leaders about reports that Islamabad was sending nuclear materials to Korea (DPR). (The Daily Gazette, Schenectady, New York, Oct. 19, 2002, A1)克林顿总统曾三次直接向巴基斯坦领导人表示关注，因为有报道说，伊斯兰堡正在向朝鲜输送核材料。
4) 可以引入一个中间传递人。 - He left the flowers with the doorman.他把鲜花留下，让门房转交。
- I left the letter with his secretary.我把信留给他的秘书转交他。
5) 许多别的介词可以当作副词使用，如 in, on, about，但是通常人们的印象以及词典上的说明，都认为 with 只能作为介词，不可以当作副词。但是在一个特殊的场合，它可以显得像个副词。那就是以人为主语时 to get something over and done with（硬着头皮勉强将某事做完，交差了事），或是以事情为主语时 to be over and done with。 - I had my wisdom tooth out yesterday morning, so that's over and done with.我昨天上午拔掉了智慧齿，事情也就算告一段落了。
这个词组，在美国英语也可以简化为 to get something over with 或是 to be over with。 - Anything. Let's just get this over with.算了。咱们把它做完了事。
- He skipped to the end of the Chapter just to get it over with.他干脆跳着看到那一章的末尾，就算了事。
- The Carter administration, no doubt, will now try to ignore the flap and get the renominations over with. (The Wall Street Journal, June 3, 1980)卡特政府现在大概企图对此不加理会，让改变任命的事告一段落。
2008 年美国总统竞选中，民主党 Hillary Clinton 和 Barack Obama 争夺提名，Clinton 攻击了 Obama 之后表示不想多纠缠，说了一番话，有人把这段话解释为： - This should have been over with already. This wasn't the plan. I don't like it. (US News & World Report, March 10, 2008, p.33)这件事本来早就应该告一段落。原先计划不是这样的。我不喜欢这样。
英国英语则取 done 而弃 over，说 to get something done with。其实，仔细分析一下，这个 with 其实还是没有脱离介词的性质，无论是 to get something over with 还是 to get something done with 当中，over with 或 done with 其实都是个宾语补足语，其中 done with 明显是短语动词 do with 的过去分词，这里 with 的介词性质一目了然。而 over with 只不过是以表语副词起与 done with 相同的宾补语作用。但是由于两者最后表现的形式都以没有宾语的 with 结尾，所以 with 就显得不像个介词而像个副词了。 ■ with2以 with 引入的短语，可以在句中起说明情况的作用。详细说明如下： 1) with + 名词 + 介词短语： a) 在句首表示“在…情况下”。 - But now, with the rest of the country desperately in need of oil, any extra will disappear fast.但是如今国内其他地区需油迫切，有多少剩余都会很快用光。
- With the whole meeting in uproar, the chairman abandoned the attempt to take a vote.眼看整个会场闹成一片，主席就打消了交付表决的打算。
- With the military under orders to get lighter and faster, several companies are designing new gear for special-forces units assigned everywhere from Afghanistan to the Philippines.由于军方奉命要轻装化和快速化，因此好几家公司正在为那些派赴从阿富汗到菲律宾的所有各地的特种部队设计新装备。
- With only a handful of these distinctive handmade timepieces in circulation, this exquisite wristwatch could only be found in the collections of the world's most distinguished gentry. (US News and World Report, 钟表广告)这种名贵的手工精制计时器只有寥寥少数在市场流通，因此这个精美的手表只能在世界上最高雅的大户的藏品中找得到。
- With the talks in their 8th day, they underscored the urgency of completing the negotiations.随着谈判进入第八天，他们强调尽快完成谈判的迫切性。
- With the country in the fledgling stages of its great democratic experiment, Washington had focused on the very concept of union itself.正当这个国家还处于它伟大的民主试验的初始阶段时，华盛顿就专心关注联合这个概念本身。
- With the propaganda apparatus that regularly assured Saddam was alive out of operation, rumors of every variety have emerged about his fate.(AFP, April 9, 2003)（注意这里 out of operation 不能和 was alive 直接联系，它是对 the propaganda apparatus 的说明）由于那个老是断言萨达姆仍然活着的宣传机器已经失灵，于是纷纷出现了有关他处境如何的五花八门的谣言。
b) 放在句末表示附带的情况说明。 - He opened it (=the door), but Fred's voice stopped him with his hands still on the knob.他打开了门，但是他的手还没有离开门把，弗雷德的声音就喊住了他（注意这里的 with 不能理解为“使用来制止”）。
但有时候放在句末（包括从句的句末）也可以表示主要的情况说明。 - But if the peacekeeping force comes to Liberia with Taylor still in place, the rebels said it would only strengthen his ability to hang on to power.但是叛军声称，如果维和部队在泰勒仍然在位之时前来利比里亚，这只会加强他抱住权力不放的能力。
2) with + 名词 + 形容词：通常放在句首，表示“在…情况下”。 - With defeat imminent, Hitler shot himself.希特勒看到大势已去，就吞枪自杀。
- With jobs scarce, close to half a million people have given up looking.由于工作机会很少，将近五十万人放弃了求职的努力。
3) with + 名词 + 动词现在或过去分词： a) 放在句首表示“在…情况下”。 - With the tree growing (or grown) tall, we get more shade.树长高了，我们的树荫就多了。
- With all the family travelling in Europe, the house seems very empty.全家都在欧洲旅行，房子就显得很空了。
- With inflation surpassing 1,000％ and food increasingly scarce, the country is sliding toward disaster.通货膨胀超过了百分之一千，食品越来越缺，这个国家正在滑向灾难。
- With her mother gone, her thoughts turned to her own career.她母亲既然去了世，她的思想就转到自己的事业上来。
- With Sunni control of Iraq removed, Shiite Iran is no longer checked from extending its influence westward. (Lee Kuan Yew, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2007)随着逊尼派对伊拉克的控制被铲除，什叶派的伊朗向西扩大影响就再也不受抑制了。
with + 名词后面用动词现在分词还是过去分词，区别在于事情到底是已经完成还是在进行中。 - With the tree growing/grown tall, we get more shade.如果用 growing，则树仍然在生长，树荫越来越大。
如果用 grown，则尽管树不会停止生长，但在说话中着重树的生长已经到了某个段落，结果是树荫大到了一定程度。 b) 放句末表示附带的情况说明。 - That worry is now taking on a greater resonance, with terrorism surging overseas and the CIA warning that the risks of a terror attack at home are at pre-September 11 levels. (The Daily Gazette, Schenectady, New York, Oct. 21, 2002)这个担心现在正在引起更大的共鸣，因为海外恐怖活动猖獗，而且中央情报局又发出警告，说本土遭受恐怖袭击的风险处于“9·11”前夕的水平。
- Aviation authorities said six people survived with the rest feared dead.空运当局称，有六人生还，其余人恐怕已经遇难。
4) 名词＋动词不定式，放在句末表示附带说明要做某事。 - The new orders were for six hundred thousand units of penicillin every six hours, injected intramuscularly, with the first injection to be given at once.新的医嘱，要每六小时肌肉注射青霉素六十万单位，第一针应立刻注射。
5) with + 名词 + 名词： a) 放在句首表示“在某人或事物已经成为…的情况下”。 - But with the scowling mugs of Newt Gingrich and Bob Dole a fading memory, Republicans are retooling their image to appear more family-friendly. (BusinessWeek, May 30, 1999, p.55)但是，随着金里奇和多尔皱眉绷脸的形象在人们的记忆中逐渐淡退，共和党人现在正重整自己的形象，要显得更为维护家庭。
- But with employments claims the fastest-growing category of civil lawsuits, employers hate the proposal.(BusinessWeek, May 3, 1999, p.55)但是，由于有关雇用的申诉成了民事诉讼数量增加最快的一类案件，雇主们很讨厌这个建议。
b) 放句末表示附带的情况说明。 - OPEC is about to be dethroned, with Putin its successor.石油输出国组织即将被赶下宝座，由普京来继承大位。
- To convince ordinary Russians to honor their tax obligations, a public example had to be made of the oligarchs—with Yukos, Russia's largest privately held company, the signature demonstration.为了说服普通的俄国人遵守纳税义务，需要把寡头们拿来惩一儆百，于是俄国最大的私营公司尤科斯就成了典型的示范。
- Americans' unpaid taxes are now topping $300 billion a year, with people who underreport their income the biggest culprits. (AP, March 30, 2005)美国人没有缴纳的税款现在达到一年三千亿美元之巨，而低报收入者是其中最大的祸首。
- Though some of these students are not planning to have children and some hope to have a family and work full time, many others, like Ms. Liu, say they will happily play a traditional female role, with motherhood their main commitment. (The New York Times, Sept. 20, 2005, A1)尽管这些学生当中有一些并不计划生孩子，而且有一些希望既成家又全职工作，但是另外有许多人像刘女士那样表示将很乐于担当传统的女性角色，以做母亲为自己的主要使命。
- That's because the federal government's overall investment in research and development is declining, with a funding freeze for the National Institute of Health a particular source of alarm to scientists and researchers. (Sunday Gazette, Schenectady, New York, July 23, 2006, A1)这是因为联邦政府对研发事业的总投资正在削减，而对国家保健总署的资金调拨冻结，尤其引起科学家和研究人员的担心。
- Before that, he (Giuliani) had pulled off a near miracle in reversing New York's decline, with plummeting crime rates his crowning achievement.在此之前，他干了一件近乎奇迹的事，扭转了纽约的衰败，而以犯罪率的猛降为他最顶峰的业绩。
c) 有时 with 后面两个名词彼此之间加上一个介词 as，通常表示某人担任的角色或职务（这个表示角色或职务的后一个名词不要冠词）。 - Do you feel safe with Bush as president?（这是美国人搞民意测验的其中一个问题）由布什来担任总统，你觉得安全吗？
6) 也有一连使用几个 with 而后面跟着的成分各不相同的，用以铺陈多重的背景。 - With bombs exploding in Iraq on an almost daily basis; with 1,780 American soldiers dead; with London braced for more terror attacks; and with bitter recriminations emanating from liberals in Britain and America over Downing Street memos, yellow cake from Niger, Gitmo and more, the moment seems inauspicious to consider other serious threats to our lives and welfare. (Mona Charen, in Jewish World Review, July 29, 2005)伊拉克几乎天天都有炸弹爆炸事件；1780 名美国军人已经死去；伦敦紧张防范今后的恐怖袭击；英美两国的自由派对唐宁街备忘录痛加指责；向尼日尔采购黄色铀矿事件闹得风风雨雨；关塔纳摩事件轰动一时，诸如此类等等，目前这个时刻，似乎不适宜于考虑其他一些涉及我们生命和福利的严重威胁。
- But how could one write history with Macaulay so close behind? […]How could one be a creative scientist, with Lyell and Darwin still alive? Be a statesman, with Disraeli and Gladstone polarizing all the available space? (John Fowles, The French Lieutenant's Woman, Chapter 3)在历史界，刚刚出了个麦考莱，谁还能写出更好的史书？[…]在科学界，莱尔和达尔文依然健在，谁还能成为一名有创见的科学家？要想搞政治吧，迪斯雷利和格拉斯通两个山头对峙，各霸一方，谁能与之争雄？
7) 值得注意的是：最后一个成分（动词现在或过去分词、形容词、名词）有时候由于前一个成分很长而很迟才出现，此时要注意抓住前后呼应的关系，不要“断了线”。 - He sat behind his desk with his elbows and hairy forearms braced.他坐在办公桌后面，胳膊肘和毛茸茸的前臂挺着。
- With its claim that Iraq was hiding chemical, biological and nuclear weapons still unproven, the Bush administration is preparing to dispatch hundreds of additional investigators to step up the search—and warning it might take as long as a year to complete. (Sunday Gazette, Schenectady, New York, Aug. 20, 2003, A1)布什政府原先声称伊拉克在暗藏化学、生物和核武器，但这个说法仍然没有得到证实，于是它就准备增派几百名调查人员去加紧搜查，而且扬言说这项工作需要长达一年才能完成（注意：这里的 still unproven 不是指 weapons 而是指前面远处的 claim）。
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