1. 硬的，坚实的，坚固的　 not soft or yielding to the touch or easily cut; solid; firm
2. 难做的，难懂的，难答的，困难的　 difficult to do or understand or answer; not easy
3. A 辛苦的，努力的　 showing much effort; energetic
4. （天气）凛冽的　 (of the weather) severe
5. 硬心肠的，冷酷无情的，严厉的　 unfeeling; unsympathetic; harsh

　～ bargain　大肆讨价还价
　～ customer　挑剔的顾客
　～ face　难看的脸
　～ heart　铁石心肠
　～ job　艰苦的工作
　～ knot　死结
　～ life　艰苦的生活
　～ liquor　烈性酒
　～ nut　硬果，难题
　～ storm　强烈的暴风雨
　～ time　艰难的时刻
　～ worker　勤奋的工人
　～ feelings　恶感，对立情绪
　～ money　硬币
　～ voice　难听的声音
　～ water　硬水
　～ way　比较艰难的路，比较困难的方式
　～ wood　硬木
　～ work　艰苦的工作
　～ to bear　难以忍受
　～ to break　难改
　～ to explain　难以说清楚
　～ to finish　难以完成
　～ to please　难以取悦
　～ to understand　难懂
　～ of hearing　重听
　～ of heart　心肠硬
　～ on sb　对某人严厉
　～ upon eighty　快80岁了

　Make a hard knot.　打一个结实的结。
　Granite is a very hard stone.　花岗岩是一种很坚硬的石头。
　The jar contained assorted hard candies.　这罐子里装有什锦硬糖。
　Can linguistics ever be a hard science like physics?　语言学是否能成为像物理学那样实在的科学?
　The teacher asked a hard question.　老师问了一个很难回答的问题。
　That's hard work.　那是一项辛苦的工作。
　This behaviour is not conducive to hard work.　这种举止行为不可能认真勤奋地工作。
　They have had a hard time bringing up ten children.　他们把10个孩子拉扯大真不容易。
　This project is a hard task.　这个工程是一项艰巨的任务。
　Hard conditions turned her hair grey.　艰苦的环境使她的头发变白了。
　The village was quiet. Most farmers were fast asleep after a day's hard work.　村子里静悄悄的。在一天的辛勤劳动之后，大多数农民都已经熟睡了。
　Only hard work gives good results.　努力工作才能有好的结果。
　It takes hard work to get ahead in business.　要想在商业上获得成功需要努力工作。
　Her husband is a hard drinker.　她丈夫酗酒。
　The hard rain flattened the tomato plants.　暴雨把西红柿秧打倒伏了。
　This has been a hard winter.　这是一个严寒的冬天。
　A hard illness kept him in bed for a whole year.　重病使他整整一年卧床不起。
　A hard blow knocked the boxer down.　对方猛烈的一拳将这个拳击手击倒在地。
　We dealt hard blows at the enemy.　我们狠狠地打击了敌人。
　The lawyers exchanged hard words.　律师们唇枪舌剑，互不相让。
　We know that this man is a hard bargainer.　我们听说此人善于讨价还价。
　He gave me a hard, bleak look.　他冷冷地盯了我一眼。
　John's father is a man with a hard heart.　约翰的父亲是个铁石心肠的人。
　Good sports records come from hard training.　良好的运动成绩是靠严格训练取得的。
　He has a hard father.　他有一个严厉的父亲。
　He had a hard look on his face.　他表情严峻。
　Hard feelings existed between the neighbours.　那些邻居们彼此抱有敌意。
　That's a hill hard to climb.　那是座难爬的山。
　This bit of wood feels hard.　这块木头摸起来很硬。
　The rock here was hard as flint.　这里的岩石像燧石一样坚硬。
　The soft, warm body became hard and cold.　那温暖柔软的身体变得又硬又冷。
　The exam was extremely hard.　这次考试非常难。
　Though nurses' work is very hard, I like it very much.　虽然护士工作很苦，我还是很喜欢它。
　When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up.　当时世艰难时，偷窃和欺骗事件通常便会增多。
　Unloading the boxes is hard, inspecting them is difficult.　把盒子卸下来是费劲的，检查它们则是困难的。
　This job will be hard for me.　这工作对我来说将会是很困难的。
　The stone is hard to the touch.　这石头很硬。
　He is hard and unfeeling towards his children.　他对自己的孩子严厉无情。
　Life is really hard with Jim.　吉姆的日子实在很难。
　The poem is hard to understand.　这首诗难懂。
　Old habits are hard to break.　积习难改。
　This seems hard to explain.　这个问题好像难以说清楚。
　She says her husband is hard to please.　她说她的丈夫是难以取悦的。
　She is hard to deal with.　对付她是很难的。
　The ground is too hard to dig.　地硬得没法挖。
　The task is too hard for them to finish ahead of time.　任务太艰巨，他们提前完成不了。
　This candy is so hard that no one can chew it.　这种糖太硬，没人嚼得动。
　The book is so hard that I cannot read it at all.　这本书太难了，我一点儿也读不懂。
　It's hard to know what he's really thinking.　很难知道他到底在想什么。
　It's hard to say what is the best course of action.　很难说什么是最好的行动方针。
　It is hard to say whether he will win the election.　他能否在选举中获胜，这很难说。
　Without experience it is hard to avoid mistakes.　没有经验，难免要犯错误。
　It's hard for an old man to change his lifestyle.　老年人难以改变其生活方式。
　Regular physical exercises soon made the boys hard.　经常的运动使那些男孩的身体很快变结实了。
　She found it hard to make up her mind.　她发现难以下决心。

 ♣ as hard as a brick〔rock, stone〕
　极硬的，硬如　very hard or firm
　The loaf is as hard as a brick.　这块面包坚硬得像块砖头。
　The biscuits she baked turned out to be as hard as rock.　她烤的饼干结果像石头一样硬。
 ♣ be hard on
1. 严格对待或批评某人 treat or criticize sb severely
　Don't be too hard on her—she's very young.　别对她太严了——她还小呢。
　She's new at the job and bound to make a few mistakes, so don't be too hard on her.　她对这工作不熟悉，必定会出差错，因此别对她过分严厉。
　She begged him not to be so hard on the child.　她要求他不要对孩子那么严厉。
2. 对某人不公平 be unfair to sb
　I know we can't make exceptions to our rules, but it's a bit hard on those who did nothing wrong.　我知道我们的规定不容许有例外，但对没做任何错事的人来说有点不公平。
　It's hard on Jimmy, having to work when the rest of us are enjoying ourselves.　对吉米太不公平，我们其他人玩的时候他还不得不工作。
 ♣ hard and fast
　（规则等）不能变通的，不容更改的　(of rules, etc.) that cannot be altered to fit special cases; inflexible
　This distinction isn't hard and fast.　这样的分类并非是一成不变的。
　There are no hard and fast rules to be followed here.　这里没有严格的、固定不变的规则要遵守。
　There are no hard and fast rules about the use of hyphens in English.　对于连字符号的使用，英语中没有严格的限制。
　We must make it a hard and fast rule not to allow any parent to enter a classroom without first speaking to the headmaster.　我们一定要作出严格的规定，没有校长的许可，家长不得进入教室。
　He stuck hard and fast to his principles.　他刻板地坚持自己的原则。
 ♣ hard going
　难懂的，难欣赏的，令人厌烦的　difficult to understand or enjoy; boring
　I'm finding this book very hard going.　我觉得这本书十分难懂。
 ♣ hard lines〔luck〕 (on sb)
　〈口〉（用作叹词或当提及某人的不幸时用以表示同情）　 used as an exclamation or a sympathetic comment on sb's misfortune
　You failed your driving test, I hear—hard lines!　听说你驾驶执照考试没及格——真不走运！
　It's hard luck on those who were beaten in the first round of the competition.　那些在第一轮比赛中就遭到失败的人真是倒霉。
 ♣ hard of hearing
　听觉不灵的　rather deaf
　It's difficult to talk to her, because she is hard of hearing.　跟她说话很难，因为她听觉不灵。
　Can scientists help the hard of hearing to hear better?　科学家能帮助重听者听得更清楚一点吗?
　We're a little hard of hearing out here.　我们这里消息很不灵通。
 ♣ hard to take
　难以接受　difficult to accept without annoyance, grief or bitterness
　I find his attitude very hard to take.　我觉得他的态度实在难以接受。
 ♣ take a hard line (on〔over〕)
　奉行强硬路线，持强硬态度　remain fixed and uncompromising in one's attitude, policy, etc.
　Some of the employees have produced bad work, the management will have to take a hard line with them in future.　有些雇员工作得不好，管理部门势必采取硬性措施。
 ♣ too much like hard work
　太费劲，太累人　too demanding or wearisome to undertake
　I don't want to go for a walk on such a hot day—it's too much like hard work for me.　我不想在这样的大热天里去散步——我简直吃不消。

 ♣ hard at, hard on
　这两个短语都是“动词+介词（短语）”型短语，在句中作表语。其区别主要在意思上：hard at意为“努力工作〔学习〕”，其后多接work, study, task等名词；而hard on意为“严格对待…”，其后多接表示人的名词，间或也可接表示事物的名词。
 ♣ hard, difficult
　参见difficult条。
 ♣ hard, firm, solid
　参见firm条。
 ♣ hard up, lower classes, poor
　参见poor条。

　我觉得这个问题很难解决。
　［误］ I am hard to solve this problem.
　［正］ I find this problem hard to solve.
　［析］ hard作“困难”解时，不能用于人称结构。

1. 努力地　 with great effort, energy or concentration; strenuously; intently
2. 艰难地　 with difficulty; with a struggle
3. 严重地，猛烈地　 severely; heavily

　hard　修饰动态动词，位于实义动词之后。

　They tried hard to succeed.　他们尽力设法取得成功。
　From this day forward, I will study hard.　从今以后我要刻苦学习。
　Until recently he worked very hard on his mysterious experiments.　最近他一直努力工作进行他神秘的实验。
　She decided to work harder so as to catch up with the others.　她决心更加努力地学习好赶上别人。
　Tom followed hard behind me.　汤姆紧跟在我身后。
　The policeman ran the thief hard and caught him at last.　警察紧追小偷，最后把他抓住了。
　I thought long and hard about the problem.　关于那个问题我费力地想了很长时间。
　With my parents' hard earned money, I finished my school education.　靠着父母亲辛辛苦苦赚来的钱，我完成了学业。
　It has been freezing hard since last week.　上星期以来天气一直酷寒。
　As the wind blew harder, the waves grew rougher.　风越刮越大，海浪也越来越汹涌。
　Please don't boil eggs hard.　请别把鸡蛋煮老了。

 ♣ be hard put (to it) to
　难以　find it difficult to do sth
　He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance.　他难以说明她为什么不见了。
　We are hard put to find a replacement for our assistant.　我们很难找到一个人来代替我们的助手。
 ♣ be hard up for
　缺少某事物，需要某事物　have too few of sth; need sth
　He's hard up for ideas.　他没有主意 。
　The editor of the magazine was hard up for material.　那家杂志的编辑缺少材料。
　I'm hard up for clothes, but I have a lot of books.　我缺少衣服，但是我有很多书。
 ♣ hard by
　在附近，紧挨着　near by
　There was an inn hard by.　附近有个客栈。
　He stood hard by me.　他站在我的旁边。
 ♣ hard done by
　受到不当或不公正对待　unfairly treated
　She feels rather hard done by.　她觉得有点委屈。
　I felt very hard done by when I got less money than anybody else, after I had worked twice as hard.　我卖的力气比别人多一倍，但我得到的钱比谁都少，实在不公平。
 ♣ hard on
　紧接着　very soon after
　His death followed hard on hers.　他在她死后不久也死了。
 ♣ hard on sb's heels
　紧跟某人　closely following sb
　He ran ahead, with the others hard on his heels.　他在前头跑，其他人紧随其后。
 ♣ hit...hard
　对某人〔某物〕产生不利影响　affect sb/sth badly
　The farmers were hard hit by the bad weather.　恶劣的天气使农民受到沉重打击。
　Television has hit the cinema industry very hard.　电视的出现沉重地打击了电影业。
 ♣ take...hard
　因某事而极度悲伤或烦恼　be very grieved or upset by sth
　When their child died they took it very hard.　孩子死的时候他们痛苦不堪。
　He failed his examination, and he's taking it very hard.　他考试不及格，因此非常难受。

　［同义词］ adj. fierce, forceful, heavy, intense, powerful, severe, strong, violent, difficult, exacting, tough, troublesome, complex, involved, diligent, earnest, enterprising, vigorous, disagreeable, distressing, harsh, oppressive, rough; brutal, stern, strict adv. furiously, intently, steadily, heavily, powerfully, strongly
　［反义词］ adj. easy, flexible; light, mild, weak; simple adv. effortlessly, lightly, mildly, softly, weakly
　［词源］　古英语heard（与“力”有关）