| 词组 | hard, hardly |
| 释义 | hard, hardly Of these two adverbs, hard is the older by a couple of centuries. Hardly was formed in the 13th century as an ordinary adverbial derivative of the adjective hard. Its oldest senses have passed out of use, but the senses "with force," "harshly," and "with difficulty" are still alive, although they are more common in British use than in American. • ... where the means of existence was wrung so hardly from the soil —Sir Winston Churchill, The Unrelenting Struggle, 1942 • ... the belief that protection bore hardly on the farmers —Dictionary of American Biography, 1936 • Professor Bowers has been hardly treated by those he is anxious to help —Times Literary Supp., 24 Mar. 1966 • ... were told over and over again by their most idealistic advisers that Germany had been hardly used —A. J. P. Taylor, Saturday Rev., 11 Dec. 1954 The problem that hangs over these senses is the likelihood of confusion with the "scarcely" sense of hardly, which is the dominant use in present-day English. This sense can even modify the same verbs as the early senses, and the reader must concentrate on the context in order not to be misled: • Marquis' vocabulary and literary and historical references are pleasures to play with. Because they are different and hardly used, students delight ... — Winfield Carlough, Media & Methods, November 1968 The recommendation of all the commentators is that you use hard in all uses where it fits. Our evidence suggests that most American writers seem to find other words—like the glosses given above—to use in place of hardly when it doesn't mean "scarcely." |
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