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词组 By
释义
By     

1

在……的近处;在……的旁边：
Tourists often sit by the lake to admire the distant scenery beyond.
旅游者们时常坐在湖畔欣赏远处的风景。
Peasants build cottages by the roadside to keep their farm produce.
农民们在路旁造农舍存放他们的农产品。
Students stand by their teacher，asking him questions they do not understand.
学生们站在他们老师身旁，问他们不明白的问题。
Mother let her child sit by her side and taught him folk rhymes.
母亲叫她的孩子坐在她的身旁教给他童谣。
2
经由;沿着：
He always goes to work by the nearest way to save time.
他上班时常走最近的道以节省时间。
Mary dared not go home by a side-road at night，for it was out-ofthe-way.
玛丽夜里不敢经由小路回家，因为那里太偏僻。
We came by the fields to enjoy the beautiful rural scenery.
我们经由田野而来以欣赏美丽的田野风光。
He often returns by a quiet mountain path.
他时常经由一条寂静的山间小路回来。
3
路过;经过：
They went by a large park on their way to the station.
他们在往车站的路上经过一个大公园。
She was so careless that she went by her father without noticing him.
她如此粗心以致从她父亲身旁走过而没有注意到 他。
That polite youth never walked by others without exchanging conventional greetings.
那位有礼貌的青年经过别人身旁时总是跟他们寒暄。
4
表示旅行、运输所使用的方法、手段、路线、工具：
He often travelled by air，for it saved him much precious time.
他时常坐飞机旅行，因为那节省了他许多宝贵的时间。
They made journey to Europe by Siberia and then went to the United States by Scandinavia.
他们经由西伯利亚旅行到欧洲，然后经由斯堪的那维亚去美国。
We came here by coach because there was not a railway line from there.
我们坐长途汽车来的，因为从那里没有铁路通这里。
Daily necessities are sent to the small island by boats.
日用必需品用小船送到小岛上。
The company sends its goods by post to the customers who do not live in the city.
该公司对于不在本市居住的顾客用邮递寄送货物。
5
表示在工作上或达到某项目的上所使用的方法、手段、工具：
Some of the engines are driven by steam and others by electricity.
一些发动机用蒸气驱动，其他发动机用电驱动。
He gained his purpose by justified means and not by fawning and flattery.
他用正当的手段达到他的目的而不是靠巴结、谄媚。
They improved production by the application of most advanced scientific achievements.
他们应用最先进的科学成就促进生产。
The gigantic metal statue was lifted and put to its pedestal by powerful cranes.
那巨大的金属雕像是用大起重机抬起放在它的底座上的。
6
(指时间)一到……就;不迟于;在……之前：
They will return by the end of this month.
他们将在本月月底前回去。
Can you finish the work by Saturday? 你能在星期六以前把工作做完吗?
These students will have studied three subjects by the end of this term.
到本学期结束时学生们将学完三门学科。
By the time our letter reaches him，he may have left home.
当我们的信到达他那里时，他可能已经离家了。
7
在……期间(表示动作的环境)：
He likes to go fishing on the seashore by moonlight.
他喜欢在月光下在海边钓鱼。
We prefer to take train by night when we travel in summer.
我们夏天旅行，愿在夜间乘火车。
They went out sight-seeing by fine days and had rest at home by rainy days.
晴朗的日子他们出去观光，雨天在家里休息。
Smaller animals seek food by night and sleep by day such as cats，rats，while larger animals seek food by day and sleep by night such as lions，tigers.
较小的动物夜间觅食白天睡觉，例如，猫、老鼠，然而较大的动物白天觅食夜间睡觉，例如，狮子、老虎。
8
表示动作的情况、方式：
The connoisseur saw a valuable curio at a flea market by chance.
那位鉴赏家在一个旧货市场偶然看到一个有价值的古董。
You might cut yourself by accident，you would not do it on purpose.
你可能意外地割伤自己，而不会故意地割伤自己。
As he went out at midnight，he was nearly taken to be a thief by mistake.
由于他半夜出去，几乎被误认为是盗贼。
He often has a walk along the mountain path by himself in the evening.
他时常在晚上沿山间小径独自一人散步。
9
被;为(用于被动语态)：
A chubby baby is praised by his mother for imitating his senile grandpa walking.
一个圆胖的婴儿，因模仿他那老态龙钟的爷爷走路而被妈妈夸奖。
That outstanding service was rendered not by a single man but by the masses.
那件大功劳不是某一个人立的，而是群众立的。
His foreign language was taught by a foreign businessman.
他的外语是一个外国商人教的。
The magnificent arch in the front is supported by many massive granite pillars.
正前面的那个宏伟的拱门是由许多花岗岩巨柱所支撑。
10
表示身体被抓、握、接触的部分：
While passing a bridge，we led the blind man by the hand.
当过桥的时候，我们执着盲人的手引导他。
Two rude people fought against each other so fiercely that one seized the other by the ear.
两个粗鲁的人打斗得如此凶猛，其中的一个人揪住对方的耳朵。
Mother took her naughty boy by the arm and dragged him home.
妈妈抓住她那顽皮男孩的胳臂，把他拉回家。
In the boxing match，one of the boxers grabbed the other by the neck and struck him down.
拳击赛中，一位拳手抓住他的对手的颈部，把他击倒。
11
根据;按照：
It is half past five by my watch.
按照我的表现在是五点半。
It is inaccurate to judge a manby appearance，that often causes absurd mistakes.
按照外表来判断人是不准确的，时常闹出荒谬的错误。
By your leave，will you tell me the way to the nearest hotel?
如果你允许的话，请告诉我去最近的旅馆怎么走。
By article five of our contract，the freight will be paid by the buyer and the insurance premium will be paid by the seller.
根据我们合同第五条的规定，运费将由买方负担，保险费将由卖方负担。
12
表示度量或价格：
This factory buys in raw materials by tons and sells out their product by pieces.
这家工厂按吨购进原料，按件卖出他们的产品。
Coal is bought or sold by tons while wood is by cubic meters.
煤按吨来买卖而木材按立方米买卖。
That company engages temporary clerks by the month when its business is busy.
那家公司当业务繁忙时，按月雇用临时职员。
They hire a carpenter by the hour to make furniture for them.
他们按小时雇了一位木匠给他们做家具。
13
表示相差的程度：
Some bombs exploded around me，one of them missed me only by ten meters.
一些炸弹在我周围爆炸，它们中间有一枚只距我10米没有伤着我。
This wheel is too small in diameter by five inches to be used in this cart.
这个车轮直径小5英寸不能用在这辆车上。
They arrived at the destination later than I by two days.
他们比我晚两天到达目的地。
The average temperature this year is lower than that of last year by five degrees.
今年的平均温度比去年的平均温度低五度。
14
表示强烈的感情、许诺、祈愿：
I swear by God that...
我对上帝发誓……
By Heaven! You dare to do like that!
天哪，你竟然敢那样做!
15
表示连续：
Tears fell down from her eyes drop by drop.
眼泪一滴一滴地从她眼睛里滴下来。
As time went on，the two young men got familiarized with each other little by little.
随着时间的推移，这两个青年一点点地熟悉起来。
After school，pupils went out of the school gate by twos and threes.
下学以后，学生们三三两两地走出校门。
Through long-period training，these youths have become skilful technical workers by degrees.
经过长期训练，这些青年已经逐渐变成熟练的技术工人。
16
表示量度、数量：
A meeting room 10 meters by 5 meters.
一间10米长5米宽的会议室。
30(divided) by 5 is 6
30除以5等于6。
17
表示方位：
south by east南偏东;
north by west北偏西。
◆
本词也是副词，词义为：
在附近;在旁;经过：
When we got to the old temple，we saw many old pine-trees close by.
当我们到达古庙时，看到它的近旁有许多古松树。
Connie often wept tears when no one was by.
近旁没有人时，康妮时常哭泣。
When an old lady fell down，we happened to be by，so we helped her up at once.
一位老太太跌倒时，我们碰巧就在近旁，于是我们立刻把她扶起。
Five years have passed by since we met him last.
自从我们上次遇见他，已经过去5年了。
abide by 坚守;遵守;忠于(指对于协议、诺言、规章等)：
That company abides by every contract it has made with other companies even if it is a bad bargain.
那家公司遵守它与别家公司所签订的每一个合同，即使吃亏也这样做。
A man is known by the company he keeps. 〈谚语〉从其交友知其为人。
The saying goes that a man is known by the company he keeps，so，if we do not known a man’s character，we can judge it through the friends he has made.
谚语云：从其交友知其为人，所以如果我们不知道一个人的品格，我们能够从他所交的朋友来判断。
be hard done by 受不公平对待：
Little Jack complained to his mother that he had been hard done by at school.
小杰克对他的母亲抱怨说他在学校受到不公平的对待。
be hood-winded by flattery 被捧得昏头昏脑：
If a man becomes rich，he must be cautious that he may be hood-winded by the flattery of some fair-weather friends.
如果一个人成为富人，他必须小心他可能被酒肉朋友们捧得昏头昏脑。
be related by blood 有亲戚关系：
The man often talks with people he meets that he is related to a millionaire by blood.
这个人时常跟他所遇到的人们说，他跟一个百万富翁有亲戚关系。
be tied by the heels 被逮捕;被监禁：
One should be law-abiding，if he breaks the law，he will be tied by the heels and punished by law.
一个人应当奉公守法，如果他犯了法，他将要被逮捕并受到法律惩处。
be torn by grief 由于忧愁而痛苦：
Mother’s heart is torn by grief，she has urged her son to study hard so that he may have a bright future，but her son is too fond of play and often fails in the exam.
妈妈的心由于忧愁而痛苦，她已经嘱咐她的儿子努力学习，以便将来前途光明，但是他的儿子太贪玩，考试时常不及格。
bit by bit 一点一点地：
Science and technology are complicated and profound，we can only learn them bit by bit.
科学技术是复杂和深奥的，我们只能一点一点地学习它们。
blow by blow 详尽的;按照事情发生先后顺序描述的：
Have you read today’s paper?It gives a blow by blow description of yesterday’s football match.
你看了今天的报了吗? 它刊登了昨天足球比赛的详尽叙述。
brick by brick 一点一点地：
Such a complicated matter cannot be settled hurriedly，it can only be solved brick by brick.
这样复杂的事情不能匆忙解决，它只能一点一点地解决。
by accident 偶然地;意外地：
It is interesting to say that many greatest inventions and discoveries in the world were made by accident.
说来有趣，世界上许多最伟大的发明和发现是偶然得出的。
by sb’s advice 依照某人的劝告：
By your advice，I have examined my work carefully and corrected the errors I found out.
按照你的劝告，我已经仔细检查了我的工作，把发现的错误改正过来。
by agreement 根据协议;按照协议：
By agreement，we are to supply the building materials and they are to be responsible for construction.
根据协议，我们将供应建筑材料，他们将负责施工。
by a hair或by a hair’s breadth差一点;险些：
The blind man did not fall into a river by a hair’s breadth，he would have fallen in if not for a young man.
那盲人差一点儿掉在河里，幸亏一个年轻人扶了他。
by air/airplane 1
乘飞机(去某地)：
The businessman often travels by airplane，this saves him much trouble and time.
那商人时常乘飞机旅行，这省去他许多麻烦和时间。
2
通过航空途径：
That small island is far from the continent，all daily necessities are sent there by air.
那个小岛距离陆地很远，所有日用必需品都是用空运运送。
by all accounts 依照众人所说：
By all accounts，a miniature type of computer has been invented now.
大家都说一种微型计算机现在已经发明出来了。
by all (manner of)means 1
尽一切办法;一定;务必：
They take it their unshirkable duty to help us in our work，so they will help us by all means.
他们把在工作上帮助我们看做他们义不容辞的责任，所以他们将尽一切努力来帮助我们。
2
(表示同意)好的;当然可以：
Henry was still green at the job，he asked an engineer to direct him，and the engineer answered：“By all means.
”亨利在工作上还是生手，他要求一位工程师指导他，那工程师说：“一定帮助。”
by a long chalk/way/shot或by long chalks 〈口语〉(在两事物相比较时使用)得多;远远地;极大地：
Children love their grandmother because her fairy stories are more interesting by long chalks as compared with their mother’s.
孩子们爱他们的祖母，因为她所讲的神仙故事比妈妈所讲的有趣得多。
by analogy 依此类推;照此类推：
Substances expand when they are heated，by analogy，metal will also expand when heated.
物质遇热膨胀，照此类推，金属遇热时一定也膨胀。
by a natural appointment 由于自然巧合：
By a natural appointment，the birthdays of Jack and David happen to be on the same day，so they celebrate their birthdays together.
由于自然巧合，杰克和大卫的生日碰到同一天，所以他们一同庆祝生日。
by and by 不久以后;不久：
Anna cannot speak French，her teacher encourages her to practise it everyday，by and by she speaks French very fluently.
安娜不能说法语，她的老师鼓励她每天练习，不久以后，安娜的法语说得非常流利。
by and large 总的说来;大体上;基本上：
He is a prudent and careful man by and large though he is also careless sometimes.
总的来说，他是个谨慎小心的人，虽然有时他也粗心大意。
by anticipation 事先;预先：
Mr Smith always does his work unhurriedly and in an orderly way no matter how heavy his task is，the reason is that he has made full preparation by anticipation.
史密斯先生做工作总是不慌不忙有条不紊，无论工作多么繁重他也是如此，原因是他预先已经做了充分准备。
by any chance 万一;碰巧：
If you should meet Alice by any chance，please don’t tell her anything about my illness.
如果你万一遇到爱丽丝的话，请一点也别告诉他关于我有病的事。
by any means 无论如何;以一切可能的手段：
Tom is an indomitable young man，once he fails in some job，he will try to do it well by any means.
汤姆是个顽强的青年，一旦他在某项工作上失败，他就尽一切可能努力把它做好。
by any possibility 万一;也许：
They never give up their hope but think that things may turn for the better by any possibility.
他们从未放弃希望而是想着万一事情也许会好转。
by any stretch of imagination 无论怎样推想：
We can never think by any stretch of imagination that their new method can increase working efficiency so much.
我们无论怎样推想也想不到他们的新方法能够把工作效率提高得这么多。
by arms 用武力：
In the nineteenth century imperialists often conquered small and weak countries by arms，but now they dare not do like that because right is more powerful than might.
在19世纪时，帝国主义者时常用武力征服弱小国家，但是现在他们不敢如此做了，因为公理比强权更有力量。
by a short head 1
(赛马)以短于马首的距离：
Our white horse won the championship only by a short head.
我们的白马仅以短于马首的距离赢得冠军。
2
仅仅一点点：
The quality of the famous-brand wine is better than this wine by a short head.
该名牌酒的质量仅比这个酒好一点点。
by a strange fatality 由于不可捉摸的命运：
By a strange fatality，the man wandered to a small mountain village and settled down there all his life.
由于不可捉摸的命运，那人飘泊到一个小山村并终生定居在那里。
by birth 1
血统;出生：
He was an Italian by birth，but he came to Germany and became a German when he grew up.
他出生是意大利人，但他长大以后来到德国变成一个德国人。
2
生来就是;天生是：
She is an eloquent orator by birth，she can make a dead man alive by talking.
她天生就是一个有口才的演说家，她能把一个死人说活了。
by bits 一点一点地：
He told us that if we drank wine by bits，we could never get drunken.
他告诉我们说，如果我们一点一点地饮酒，我们就能总也不醉。
by (the) book 1
正式地;有根据地：
Our company has informed a dealer by book to sign a contract for a batch of goods.
我们公司已经正式通知一个商人签订一批货物的合同。
2
照章办事地;按照惯例地：
They always do business by the book and never change the procedures even a bit.
他们永远是照章办事，从来不变更一点手续。
by cable 用电报：
Branch offices often inform their head office about the shipment of goods by cable.
分公司时常用电报通知总公司关于货物的船运情况。
by car/tram/train/trolley-bus 乘汽车、乘电车、乘火车、乘无轨电车(去某地)：
His office is ten kilometers away from his house，he goes to work by car every morning.
他的办公室离他家10千米，他每天早晨乘汽车上班。
by chance 偶然地;意外地：
It is not a secret that many great inventions and discoveries are made by chance.
许多伟大的发明和发现是偶然做出来的，这并不是秘密。
by choice 出于(自己的)选择：
There is various delicious food in the kitchen，you may take any of them by choice.
厨房里有各种美味食品，你可以自己任意挑选。
by common assent 一致同意;一致赞成：
The contract was fair and comprehensive，so it was adopted by common assent by the board of directors.
该合同内容公正周详，所以被董事会一致同意通过。
by common consent 一致同意;一致赞成：
As the proposal is appropriate and far-sighted，it has been carried by common consent.
由于该提议是适宜的和有远见的，所以它被全体一致通过。
by comparison 比较起来：
By comparison，friendship is more valuable than anything，for our life will be as desolate as a desert without it.
比较起来，友谊比任何事物都更宝贵，因为，如果没有它，我们的生活将像沙漠一样荒凉。
by courtesy of 蒙……的允许;由于……的好意：
The concert can be held in this hall by courtesy of Thomson and Company.
本音乐会能够在这个大厅举行是蒙汤姆森公司的慨允。
by craft 用诡计：
My neighbour thought himself cleverer than others and often handled matters by craft，but he suffered much at length.
我的邻居以为自己比别人聪明，时常用诡计行事，但是最后他吃了大亏。
by day 在白天;在白昼：
Ancient people lived a much toilsome but simpler life，they worked by day and rested at night.
上古人民过着很劳累但很单纯的生活，他们白天劳动，夜间休息。
by degrees 逐渐;渐渐：
At first he was not accustomed to the strange place，but he accommodated himself to it by degrees.
最初，他对这个陌生的地方不习惯，但是渐渐地他适应了它。
by design and not by accident 是故意的而不是偶然的：
Some students are often absent and their absence is by design and not by accident.
有些学生时常缺课，他们的缺课是故意的而不是偶然的。
by dint of 由于;凭借：
This department store won favourable comments by dint of good services，they attended customers as their honoured guests.
这家百货店由于优良服务而赢得好评，他们接待顾客如同贵宾。
by easy stages 从容不迫地：
When I asked a student some difficult questions，he answered me correctly and by easy stages.
当我向一个学生提问一些困难的问题时，他正确地和从容不迫地回答了这些问题。
by sb’s express consent 经某人的特别许可：
That clerk was granted two weeks’ leave by our director’s express consent.
经我们主任的特别许可;准许那位职员两个星期的假。
by fair means 秉公地：
Parents should deal with their children by fair means，this is an important way to educate them to be righteous after they grow up.
父母应当秉公地对待他们的子女，这对教育他们长大以后成为正直的人非常重要。
by fair means or foul 千方百计地;不择手段地：
He is a snobbish fellow，he always pursues fame and position by fair means or foul.
他是个势利小人，他追求名誉地位不择手段。
by far 远远;甚多(与形容词、副词的比较级、最高级连用)：
In spite of our jealousy towards him，we must admit that he is by far wiser and abler than we.
尽管我们很嫉妒，我们也必须承认，他比我们聪明能干得多。
by fits and snatches或by fits and starts 时作时辍;忽断忽续：
Henry has no perseverance in anything，he often works by fits and starts and so achieves nothing.
亨利做任何事都没有恒心，工作时断时续，所以他没有任何成就。
by force 强迫：
As the cunning person did not admit his fault，we had to make him confess by force.
由于那狡猾的人不承认他的过失，我们不得不强迫他承认。
by (the) force of 用……的力量;靠……的力量：
She moved his heart by the force of her emotion and made him always faithful to her.
她靠感情的力量感动了他的心，使他永远对她忠实。
by free gift 白送;赠送：
The shop gives each of its customers a bunch of flowers by free gift for their patronage.
为了感谢顾客们的惠顾，那家商店赠送每位顾客一束鲜花。
by friction 由于摩擦;由于冲突不和：
In spite of other’s persuasion，discord has been aroused by friction between the two sides.
虽然经过别人劝说，双方的不和已经引起争吵。
by good fortune 幸好：
He did not take that train by good fortune or he would have been wounded in that accident.
他幸好没有乘坐那趟车，否则他一定在那场事故中受伤了。
by guess 按照猜测：
How much money is in my pocket? You may answer me by guess.
我口袋里有多少钱? 你可以凭猜测回答我。
by half 一半：
He ate the bread only by half and kept the other half for supper.
他仅吃了一半面包，另一半留着当晚饭。
(do sth) by halves (做某事)不完全地：
Better not to do it at all than do it by halves.
与其做不全，不如干脆不做。
by hand 1
用手做成;用手工做成：
The pattern of this curtain material is not embroidered by machine，it is embroidered by hand.
这个窗帘布上的图案不是用机器绣的，它是用手工绣的。
2
专人递送：
Important business letters should not be sent by post，they should be sent by hand.
重要的商业信函不要邮寄，它们要由专人递送。
by haphazard 偶然地;随便地：
This timetable is arranged by haphazard，sometimes we do our work according to it and sometimes we do not.
这个时间表是随意安排的，有时我们按照它进行工作，有时就不按照它。
by Heaven 对天起誓：
By Heaven，this is too much for us.
天哪，这对我们太过分了。
by (the living) hookey! 〈美口语〉1
岂有此理! 见鬼!
Everyone who hears this will grow angry with this shameless swindler，he even cheats his own parents out of their money，by hookey!
谁听了这件事都要对那无耻的骗子发怒，他甚至骗他自己父母的钱，真是岂有此理!
2
真的! 绝对可靠!
When we ask someone whether the rumour is true，he answers “By the living hookey!”
当我们问一个人该谣言是否真实，他回答说：“绝对可靠!”
by hook or by crook 千方百计地;不择手段地：
We all keep that man at a distance，he often strikes and retaliates others by hook or by crook.
我们都跟那个人保持距离，他时常不择手段地打击报复别人。
by inches 缓慢地;一点一点地：
At first the youth knew nothing about technology，but he insisted on studying and by inches he became familiar with technical affairs.
最初那青年对技术一点也不懂，但他坚持学习，慢慢地他变得熟习技术事务了。
by inch of candle 通过拍卖(过去拍卖时点着蜡烛)：
In the beginning no one wanted to buy that curio，but by inch of candle，it was sold at a considerable high price.
在开始时，没有人想买那件古董，但是，通过拍卖，它以相当高的价格卖出。
by/in fits and starts 一阵阵地;忽冷忽热地;不规则地：
The naughty boy studied only by fits and starts，this made his parents much worried.
那个淘气男孩对学习忽冷忽热，这使他的父母很忧虑。
by/in the lump 1
总共;全数：
By the lump，there are ten automatic production lines in that large iron and steel enterprise.
在那个大钢铁企业中，总共有10条自动化生产线。
2
总的说来：
By the lump，he is a man of good character though he also has some slight shortcomings.
虽然他也有一些轻微的缺点，总的说来，他是个品格好的人。
by itself 1
单独地;孤零地：
There in the deep mountains is an old castle which stands by itself among vertical cliffs and desolate dales.
在深山中有一个古城堡，它孤零地立于悬崖荒谷之间。
2
未靠外力帮助地：
Through long-term hard struggle，that small country has become rich and strong by itself.
通过长时期的努力奋斗，那个小国不靠外力已经变得富强了。
by leaps and bounds 急速地;飞速地：
Science and technique have developed by leaps and bounds since we entered the twentieth century.
自从我们进入20世纪以来，科学和技术飞速地发展。
by lease 以租借方式：
The factory has not enough capital to buy new equipment，so it uses other factory’s equipment by lease.
那工厂没有足够的资金购买设备，所以它以租借方式使用别的工厂的设备。
by letter(s) 以书信方式：
Although the two scientists live far away from each other，they exchange views by letters and cooperate closely in their study.
虽然这两个科学家彼此居住遥远，但他们以书信方式交换意见，在研究工作上紧密合作。
by line and level 精密地;准确地;系统地：
An engineer has designed a new machine by line and level，which can improve the quality of their product greatly.
一个工程师已经精密地设计了一个新机器，它能大幅度地提高他们产品的质量。
by (good) luck 幸亏;侥幸地：
By good luck，some passengers did not take that ship or they must have lost their lives in the shipwreck.
幸亏有些乘客没有乘坐那艘轮船，否则的话，他们一定在船只失事时丧失性命。
by main force /strength 全靠力气：
Such a difficult task can only be completed by main force，we should not simply sit aside talking about it.
这样困难的工作全靠力气来完成，我们不应当仅是坐以论道。
by means of 借着;用(某种方法、手段等)：
We should understand that the success of great scientists and great scholars is achieved by means of hard work.
我们应当明白，大科学家和大学者们的成功是靠努力钻研得来的。
by might and main 竭尽全力;拼命地：
We have every reason to be optimistic about our success because everyone of us work by might and main.
我们有充分理由对我们的成功抱乐观态度，因为我们每个人都竭尽全力地工作。
by mischance 不幸地;由于不幸：
By mischance，my classmate failed in a university’s entrance examination，he had to wait for the next year.
很不幸，我的一个同学大学入学考试失败了，他必须等待明年了。
by mistake 错误地;由于错误：
John was taken to be a rich man’s relative by mistake，so he was entertained with a liberal table.
约翰被误认为是一个富人的亲戚，因而被丰盛地招待了一顿饭。
by name 1
名叫：
A painter，Benjamin Constant by name，wants to see you，do you want to meet with him?
一位名叫康士坦的画家想见你，你愿意会见他吗?
2
用名字;凭名字：
The millionaire is so famous that he can borrow any sum of money from any bank only by his name.
该百万富翁是如此有名，他可以仅凭他的名字在任何银行借取任何数量的钱。
by nature 生性;天性;本性上：
This scholar is unsociable and eccentric by nature，he would not say a single word to others for months.
这个学者生性孤僻，他好几个月也不跟人说一句话。
by no(manner of)means 决不;丝毫不：
He is a righteous man and he would by no means do anything against his own conscience.
他是个正直的人，他绝不做任何违背自己良知的事。
by(long/all) odds 1
远远地;大大超过地：
It goes without saying that the skill and sportsmanship of that champion team are superior by long odds to those of all other teams.
那个冠军队的球艺和竞技精神远远地优于所有其他队，这是不言自明的。
2
无疑地：
By all odds，China has always been a great country in her thousands of years’ history.
无疑，就数千年的历史而论中国是一个伟大的国家。
by ones and twos 三三两两地;零零落落地：
In the evening，little birds fly back to their nests by ones and twos in a lonely woods.
晚间，在偏僻的树林中，小鸟们零零落落地飞回它们的巢中。
by oneself 单独地;独自地：
At last，the ambitious young man succeeded in setting up a large laboratory all by himself.
最后，那抱负远大的青年，成功地靠着独自的力量建立起一个大实验室。
by one’s own account 据某人自己说：
By his own account，he has ever been to many large cities and visited many scenic spots and historical sites.
据他自己说，他曾去过许多大城市，参观过许多名胜古迹。
by one’s own volition 出于自己的意志;自愿：
During the summer vacation many students went to the countryside by their own volition to help the peasants do their farm work.
暑假期间，许多学生自愿地去到农村帮助农民们从事田间工作。
by order of 奉……的命令：
By order of the board of directors，that company has increased a department of local and special products and sent out some people purchasing them in bulk.
奉董事会的命令，那家公司已经增设了土特产经营部，并已派出一些人员大量收购土特产品。
by profession 以……为职业：
Although he is a mechanical engineer by profession he can also repair various household electrical appliances.
虽然他的职业是个机械工程师，但他也能修理各种家用电器。
by reason of 因为;由于：
At last the young man fulfilled his ambitious aim by reason of his diligence and unfatiguable spirit.
最后，由于他的勤勉和百折不挠的精神，那个青年实现了他那抱负远大的目标。
by reason that 因为;由于：
The industrialist is sure of his success in setting up a large plant by reason that he has a pioneering spirit and marchingforward courage.
那位实业家对自己必然能够建立一个大工厂一事很有信心，因为他有创业精神和勇往直前的勇气。
by return of post 由送信人带回;由下一班回程邮递带回：
Our company has made an arrangement that all business letters will be sent out by return of post.
我们公司已经作好安排，所有的商业信函都由下一班回程邮递带回。
by right(s) 正当地;根据正当权利：
An employee is badly injured at work，he has asked the boss by rights for compensation.
一个雇员在工作中受重伤，他已经根据正当权利向老板要求赔偿。
by right of 凭借;根据……的权利：
By right of national self-determination，all colonists should allow their colonies to become independent.
根据民族自决的权利，所有的殖民主义者都应当允许他们的殖民地独立。
by road 由公路：
As there is not a single railway or river in this mountain area，we have to transport mountainous products by road.
由于这个山区没有一条铁路或河流，我们必须由公路运输山货。
by rote 熟记地;死记地：
Operators need not master technology concerned，they can operate these instruments by rote.
操作者不需要掌握有关技术，他们可以根据死记的动作来操作这些仪表。
by rule 按照规则地;墨守成规地：
Students who stay overnight outside their school without justified reason should be punished by rule.
没有正当理由而整夜不回学校的学生们根据校规要受到惩罚。
by rule and line 准确地;精密地;系统地：
Geographers have drawn out several maps by rule and line for people to use in their travel.
地理学家们已经精确地绘制了几份地图供人们旅行时使用。
by sea 由海路;乘船(去某地)：
There are many cities on that large island，travellers and businessmen must go there by sea.
在那个大岛上有许多城市，旅游者们和商人们必须经海路到达那里。
by slow degrees 慢慢地;一点一点地：
Although Charles is not a clever youth，he masters this new technique by slow degrees.
虽然查理不是个聪明的青年，但他慢慢地也掌握了这门新技术。
by small and small 慢慢地;一点一点地：
It needs time to make friends with others，you must get acquainted with them by small and small.
跟人交朋友需要时间，你必须一点一点地跟他们熟悉。
by snatches 断断续续地：
John is very busy，he has no time to study constantly，he can only study by snatches.
约翰很忙，他没有时间持续不断地学习，只能断断续续地学习。
by some chance 不知道为什么：
By some chance，they suddenly wanted to go out for a walk.
不知道为什么，他们忽然想出去散散步。
by some means or other 用某种方法：
No matter what difficult task the superiors may assign to him，he can always fulfil it by some means or other.
无论上级布置给他的工作多么困难，他总能用某种方法去完成它。
by spells 断断续续地：
Although the rainy season has already passed，there are still wet days by spells.
虽然雨季已经过去，但断断续续地仍在下雨。
by stages 分阶段地：
The whole engineering of setting up a large machine-manufacturing plant is complicated and arduous，we have to complete it by stages.
建设一个大型机械制造厂的工程是复杂的和艰巨的，我们只能分阶段地去完成它。
by stealth 偷偷地;暗中地：
Teacher asks her pupils not to read picture books while she teaches them English grammar，but there still are some naughty pupils reading them by stealth.
老师要求她的学生们在她教英语语法的时候不要看图画书，但是仍然有一些顽皮学生偷偷地看。
by sufferance 被容许;被默许：
A homeless stranger lived in the dormitory by sufferance，for he had no lodging elsewhere.
一个无家可归的陌生人被容许住在宿舍，因为他无处安身。
by that means 用那种方法;那样一来：
Magnanimity and mercy are correct ways to deal with people，we can turn an enemy into a friend by that means.
宽宏大量和仁慈是跟人们交往的正确方法，用那种方法我们可以化敌为友。
by the action of 由于……的作用;由于……的功效：
We should add sulphuric acid into this solution because chemical reactions can only take place by the action of acids.
我们应当在这个溶液中加入硫酸，因为化学反应只能在酸的作用下才能产生。
by the aid of 由于……的帮助：
By the aid of his relatives and friends，this young man has corrected his errors and made a fresh start.
在他的亲朋们的帮助下，这个年轻人已经改过自新。
by the by或by the bye 顺便提起：
By the bye，have you ever been to Shanghai recently? 顺便问一下，你最近去过上海吗?
by the day/month/year 按日、月、年(租、雇)：
They rent their house by the year because their landlady asked them to do like this.
他们按年租用他们的房子，因为房东太太叫他们这样做。
by the feel 用触摸的方法：
We could not see it clearly in the dark，but it was like a towel by the feel.
我们在黑暗中看不清它是什么，但是摸起来好像是条毛巾。
by the gross/pound/yard ……按罗、磅、码……(买、卖)：
The stationery shop is a wholesale shop，it sells various pens，pencils and ballpens only by the gross.
那文具店是个批发商店，它的各种钢笔、铅笔、圆珠笔仅按罗销售。
by the hands of 经……的手：
This sum of money was received by the hands of our accountant.
这笔钱是经由我们会计的手收下的。
by the hundred(s)或by hundreds数以百计的(地);大批大批的(地)：
When we went to the immense grassland，we saw cattle and sheep by the hundreds at grass here and there.
当我们去到辽阔的草原时，我们看到到处都有大批的牛羊在吃草。
by the job 包工;包活：
These workers are not long-term hired hands，they are paid by the job.
这些工人不是长期雇用工人，他们是按件计酬。
by the lee 转到背风行驶(指船)：
As the wind became stronger，our ship turned and sailed by the lee.
由于风越来越大，我们的船转为背风行驶。
by the light of nature 本能地;自然而然地：
By the light of nature，all animals love their young no matter what animals they are.
出于本能，所有的动物都爱它们的幼畜，不论它们是哪种动物。
By the Lord Harry! 岂有此理!见鬼! 真的! By the Lord Harry!That damned swindler would cheat anyone out of his money，even they are old ladies and children.
岂有此理! 那个该死的骗子欺骗所有人的钱，即使老太太和小孩子他也骗。
by the medium of 通过;借助于;以……为媒介：
Owing to development of modern technology，we can communicate with any people by the medium of wireless no matter how distant they are from us.
由于近代技术的发展，我们可以借助于无线电跟任何人通讯，不论他们距离我们多么遥远。
by the mother’s/maternal side 母系的，母方的：
I do not know that man，but he tells me that he is a distant relative of mine by the maternal side.
我不认识那个人，但是他告诉我，他是我母亲方面的一个远亲。
by then 到那个时候：
There must be one day when he will be punished for the mistake he has committed，only by then he will repent of what he has done.
总有一天他会因为他所犯的错误而受惩罚，只有到那个时候他才会后悔他的所作所为。
by the name of 名叫;以……为名：
The young man set up a laboratory by the name of his father，who had suffered various hardship to provide him university education.
那青年建立了一所以他父亲命名的实验室，他父亲含辛茹苦地供他上大学。
by the nature of things 理所当然地;当然地：
Mother has suffered innumerable hardships to bring her children up，by the nature of things，her children will love her more than their own hearts when they grow up.
母亲含辛茹苦地把她的孩子们扶养大，理所当然地，孩子们在长大以后，一定爱他们的母亲胜于自己的生命。
by the piece 按件计算：
This boss does not pay his workers by the month，he pays them by the piece so that they will try their best to produce more.
他们的老板不是按月付工人工资，而是按件计算，以便使工人尽力多生产。
by the run 猛然;一下子：
When two drivers drove their trucks swiftly against each other，they collided together by the run.
当这两个司机驾驶他们的卡车飞速地相向而来时，他们猛然撞在一起。
by the same token 同样地;同理：
We can combine hydrogen and oxygen into water，by the same token，we can also decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen.
我们能够把氢和氧化合成水，同样地，我们也能把水分解为氢和氧。
by the sea 在海边;在海岸上：
Most of the inhabitants earned their living as fishermen，they fished all day long by the sea.
大部分居民以渔业为生，他们终日在海边捕鱼。
by the side of 在……的旁边;在……在一起比较：
Tom is much taller than all of us，but by the side of his giant neighbour，he is only a dwarf.
汤姆比我们大家都高很多，但是如果跟他那个高大的邻居站在一起相比，汤姆只不过是个矮子。
by the skin of one’s teeth 侥幸;好容易：
During the storm，a small fishing-boat was heavily damaged，but the fisherman was not hurt by the skin of his teeth.
在暴风雨中，一个小渔船受了重创，但是那个渔民侥幸没有受伤。
by the sly 秘密地;偷偷地：
Anna’s pet dog is very naughty，it often slips to Maria’s pet cocks’ roost by the sly，thus makes the cocks very angry.
安娜的爱犬非常顽皮，它时常偷偷地溜到玛丽亚的鸡舍，惹得公鸡们非常生气。
by the space of 在……期间：
He made a loan in the bank and promised to repay it by the space of three years.
他在银行里借了一笔贷款，答应在3年期间还清。
by the square 恰好地：
All component parts are made through careful calculation，so when they are assembled，they make an entire machine by the square.
所有的部件都是经过仔细计算制作的，所以组装在一起时，它们恰好组成一个完整的机器。
By the street of Bye-and-bye one arrived at the house of Never.〈谚语〉迁延因循，一事无成。
The saying goes：“By the street of Bye-andbye one arrived at the house of never.” So we should urge others as well as ourselves to work hard.
谚语云：迁延因循，一事无成。所以我们不但要勉励我们自己，也要勉励他人，努力工作。
by the strong hand/arm 强制地;断然地：
Some pedlars have been expelled by the strong hand，for they often sell poor-quality goods.
一些商贩已经被强制驱逐，因为他们时常出售低劣商品。
by the sweat of one’s brow/face靠自己辛苦的劳动;凭自己的血汗：
Honest people earn their living by the sweat of their brow while cunning persons make money by other’s sweat.
诚实的人们靠自己的辛苦劳动谋生，而狡猾的人们则靠别人的血汗赚钱。
by the thousand(s)或by thousands数以千计的(地);大批大批的(地)：
When we entered into a quiet and secluded valley，we suddenly saw butterflies of various colours by the thousands flying to and fro over beautiful flowers.
当我们走进一个幽静的山谷时，我们忽然看到数以千计的彩色蝴蝶飞舞于美丽的花朵之上。
by the time 当……的时候;到……的时候：
By the time when retribution comes，wrongdoers will repent what they have done.
当报应到来的时候，作恶者将后悔他们所做的事情。
by the way 顺便说一说; 顺便问一下：
When Mary meets John at an evening party，Mary asks him：“By the way，does your mother feel vexed if I stay at your home too long?”
当玛丽在一次晚会上遇到约翰时，玛丽问他道： “顺便问一下，如果我在你家中呆的时间过长，你母亲烦我吗?”
By this hat! 我敢打赌! 千真万确!
When we asked Dick whether the rumour about his neighbour was true，he answered：“By this hat!”
当我们问狄克关于他的邻居的谣言是否真实，他回答道：“千真万确。”
by this means用这种方法;因此;这样一来：
Our engineer has found out a new method in production，labour productivity can be raised by a great deal by this means.
我们的工程师已经在生产中找到一种新方法，用这个方法可以极大地提高劳动生产率。
by this time 到此刻;到现在：
A pedlar was found in the act of giving short weight to his customer，he was fined for this，only by this time he began to remorse what he had done.
一个小贩给顾客的分量不足被发现，他为此被罚了款;只有到这时，他才开始后悔自己所做的事。
by this token 由此看来;照此说来：
By this token，we can be assured that good will be rewarded with good and evil with evil.
由此看来，我们可以肯定地说，善有善报，恶有恶报。
By thunder! 〈口语〉真的! 岂有此理!
When Henry heard that an honest man had been treated highhandedly，he shouted：“By thunders!”
当亨利听到一个诚实的人被别人欺侮了时，他大喊：“岂有此理!”
by trade 以……为职业：
Mr Green is a smith by trade，he often repairs pots，bowls，basins and spoons for others.
格林先生的职业是工匠，他时常给别人修理锅碗盆勺。
by tradition 根据传统;根据口传：
By tradition，there are many festivals for us to observe，but usually we only keep a few of them.
根据传统，我们有许多节日要过，但我们通常只过其中的几个。
by turns 轮流地;依次地;交替地：
Since there are so many tasks and so few office workers，our manager has decided that office workers will work an extra shift by turns.
由于工作多，职员少，我们经理已经决定职员们轮流地加班。
by twos and threes 三三两两地;三两成群地：
After supper，people stroll in the streets by twos and threes，enjoying their evening time.
晚饭以后，人们三两成群地在大街上漫步，享受晚间的时光。
by virtue of 凭借;由于：
John is our good example，his success is achieved wholly by virtue of his own exertion.
约翰是我们的好榜样，他的成功完全是凭借他自己的努力得来的。
by water 由水路;乘船(赴某地)：
Cairo，the capital of Egypt，is situated at the delta of River Nile，we can get there by water.
开罗，埃及的首都，位于尼罗河三角洲，我们可以乘船抵达那里。
by way of 1
通过……的方法或方式;经由：
This little child learned some foreign language by way of playing with foreign children.
这个小孩通过跟外国孩子们一块玩的方法学了一些外语。
2
当做;作为：
In the beginning of his lecture，our teacher said something by way of introduction.
讲课开始时，我们的老师先说一些话作为前导。
3
为了;以求：
He wrote a letter to us by way of asking about our recent condition.
他为了打听我们的近况，给我们写了一封信。
4
处于……的情况、状态：
This shop is still by way of business，we can buy anything from it.
这家商店仍在营业中，我们可以从它那里买任何东西。
by weight 按照重量;按照重量计算：
There are various ways of calculating prices，some goods are calculated by weight and some others by volume.
有各种计算价格的方法，有些货物按照重量计算，一些其他货物则按照体积计算。
by wholesale 1
以批发方式;成批地;全部地：
That corporation is a large enterprise，they buy and sell commodities not by retail but by wholesale.
那家公司是个大企业，他们买卖货物不是以零售方式，而是以批发方式。
2
无区别地;无选择地：
Some critics are in lack of proper standard，they often bestow their praise or censure on books and articles by wholesale.
一些评论家缺乏适当标准，当他们对书籍或文章进行评论时，时常无区别地给予褒贬。
by word of mouth 口头通知;口传;口述：
We have informed the students by word of mouth that new textbooks will be distributed to them next week.
我们已经口头通知学生们，新课本将于下星期分发给他们。
by your favour 对不起;冒昧地说：
By your favour，would you please tell me where the nearest hotel is?
对不起，请问这儿最近的旅馆在哪里?
by your leave 如果你允许的话;借光;请原谅：
By your leave，will you please tell us which trolley-bus we should take to get to the Water Park?借光，请告诉我们，上水上公园要坐哪一路无轨电车?
call by 路过时造访：
Our teacher called by some of his friends in Shanghai on his tour to Guangdong.
我们老师去广东的旅途中，路过上海时造访他的一些老朋友。
call things by their proper names据实而言;直言不讳：
William is forthright in character，when he talks to others，he always comes straight to the point and calls things by their proper names.
威廉性格直爽，他在跟别人说话时，总是直截了当，直言不讳。
carry by acclamation (不经过投票而)全体一致口头推选或通过(指提案等)：
Their proposal was carried by acclamation in our assembly，for it was both well-conceived and conforming to reality.
他们的提议在我们的会议上被全体一致口头通过，因为该提议既周详又符合实际。
cheek by jowl with 与……紧靠着;与……亲密地：
A student sat cheek by jowl with his friend in the park，talking about their bright future.
一个学生与他的朋友亲密地坐在公园里，谈论他们光明的前途。
close by 在……的近旁;在近旁：
Each time the engineer designs a new device，he puts various reference books close by.
每当那位工程师设计一个新器件时，他总是把各种参考书放在他的近旁。
come by 1
获得;得到：
Some lucky applicants have come by good posts in our company，but not everyone.
有些幸运的求职者已经在我们公司获得好的职位，但不是每位求职者都得到了。
2
偶然受到：
He came by a bruise on his leg when he fell down.
当他跌倒时，腿部受了挫伤。
day by day 日复一日;每日：
They do the same work day by day，there must be sometimes when they grow tired of it.
他们日复一日地做着同样的工作，总有一天他们会感到厌倦的。
do badly by 不善待(某人)：
We should have sympathies with others and never do badly by them.
我们对别人要有同情心，绝不要不善待他们。
do things by halves 拙劣;不谙练：
Mr White’s fingers are all thumbs，he does things by halves in everything，he is often blamed by his wife for that.
怀特先生笨手笨脚，无论做什么都很拙劣，为此他时常受到妻子的责备。
do well by 善待(某人)：
Queen Elizabeth did well by her court officials，so they were all loyal to her.
伊丽莎白女王对待她的朝臣们很好，所以他们都效忠于她。
drag by (the)head and ears 蛮横地拖;把……勉强地拉进：
The child is too fond of play and does not want to return home studying，his mother drags him home by head and ears.
那小孩太贪玩，不愿回家学习，所以他的妈妈把他强行拖回家。
drop by 偶然来访：
An old friend of mine dropped by last Sunday，we had a long chat over a bottle.
我的一位老友上星期日偶然来访，我们一边喝酒一边闲谈了很久。
drop by drop或in drops 一滴一滴地：
She was so sad that tears ran down drop by drop from her face.
她太悲伤了，眼泪从她的脸上一滴一滴地流下来。
east by north/south 东偏北(东偏南)：
After the liner sailed out from Pearl Harbour，it turned east by north and sailed towards Alaska.
班轮驶出珍珠港以后，转向东偏北，向阿拉斯加驶去。
escape by a hair’s breadth 幸免于难：
It was really lucky for him，he escaped from a shipwreck by a hair’s breadth.
他从一次沉船事故中幸免于难，真是万幸。
escape by the skin of one’s teeth〈口语〉幸免于难：
Joseph drank too muck，when he drove his car across a bridge，his car fell into the river，but he himself escaped by the skin of his teeth.
约瑟喝酒过多，当他驾车过桥时，他的汽车掉入河内，但他自己幸免于难。
evening by evening 天天晚上：
That naughty child does not study hard，he only watches TV evening by evening.
那个顽皮孩子不努力学习，他每天晚上只是看电视。
file by file 一列一列地;一队一队地：
Students stood file by file before a stand，they were waiting for their principal to give them an address.
学生们一列一列地站在台前，等候他们校长对他们演说。
full and by (船)扯满帆;整个说来：
There are some defects in his behaviour，but he may be said to be an honest man full and by.
在他的行为中有一些不足之处，但整个说来，他可以说是个诚实的人。
gain by comparison/contrast 比较之下显示其优点、长处：
When their goods are put together with those of other shops，their goods gain very much by contrast.
当我们把他们的商品和别家商品放到一起时，通过对比，他们的商品显出很多优点。
get by 1
尚可;差强人意：
You work will get by but you should try to improve it.
你的工作差强人意，但你要设法改进它。
2
度日;过生活：
He tried to get by in straitened circumstances.
他设法在贫困中度日。
get sb by the short hair 〈俚语〉完全支配某人;完全操纵某人：
These ruffians have got him by the short hair and he dare not disobey their words.
这些恶棍们已经完全操纵了他，他不敢违背他们的话。
get/have/take the right sow by the ear 找对了人或事;论断不错：
He got the right sow by the ear，for the man he had appealed to was just in charge of this affair.
他找对了人，因为他向之申诉的人正好主管这件事。
get the wrong pig by the tail 走错了路;怪错了人：
I think you have got the wrong pig by the tail，this mistake is committed by John but you blame Jane for it.
我想你是错怪了人，错误是约翰犯的，而你却责备了珍。
get the wrong sow by the ear 找错了人或事;得出错误结论：
They got the wrong sow by the ear，for the argument they based on was not logical.
他们得出了错误结论，因为他们所根据的论点是不合逻辑的。
go by 1
走过;过去：
Time flies as an arrow，ten years has gone by in a twinkle.
光阴似箭，转瞬之间10年已经过去。
2
依照;按照：
Mother need not worry about her child，for the child goes by her biddings in his every act.
妈妈不必为她的孩子操心，因为那孩子每一举动都按照她的嘱咐去做。
3
按照……判断：
We should not go by what he says，for he may not tell the truth.
我们不应该按照他说的话去判断，因为他说的可能不真实。
4
顺便走访：
When I went to Tianjin last week，I went by an old friend there.
当我上星期去天津时，我顺便走访了那里的一位老朋友。
go by contrary 与……相反：
Sometimes dreams go by contrary to reality，if you dream of something unhappy，you may meet with happy things.
有时做梦与实际相反，如果你梦见一些不高兴的事，你可能遇到喜事。
go by the board (桅杆等)落水;(计划等)落空;失败：
The youth is filled with despair because his plan has gone by the board.
那青年感到失望，因为他的计划落空了。
go by the book 按照规划办事：
Sometimes it is inconvenient to go always by the book in our everyday affairs.
在我们日常工作中，总按规章办事有时会引起不便。
go by the name of 称为;叫做：
A new processing method has been invented in petroleum refinery，it goes by the name of grading distillation.
在石油精炼上已经发明了一种新的处理方法，它的名称叫做分级蒸馏法。
go by/under the title of 以……之名被人知晓;被人称做：
A battle was very famous in Greek history，it went by the title of Trojan horse battle.
在希腊历史上有一场战争非常有名，它被称做特洛伊木马之战。
group by group 一群一群地;分批地：
As there are so many visitors to our museum on Sundays，they have to be accepted group by group.
每逢星期日参观我们博物馆的人太多，他们不得不分批进去参观。
hang by a hair/thread 千钧一发;岌岌可危;摇摇欲坠：
The hurricane blew harder and harder and terrifying waves touched the sky，a small boat sailed on the vast sea，it really hung by a hair.
飓风越刮越大，骇浪滔天，一叶小舟在茫茫大海中行驶，它真是岌岌可危。
hard by 在近旁;在……的近旁：
There in the remote mountains is an old castle surrounded by vertical cliffs and deep dales，with a primeval forest hard by.
在深山中有一个古城堡，该城堡被悬崖深谷所环绕，近旁有一个原始森林。
have sb by the leg 〈美俚语〉使某人处于不利地位：
We have their team by the leg in the match because our team is among the A-class teams in the country，superior both in skill and in sportsmanship.
在比赛中我们队使他们队处于不利地位，因为我们队在全国属于甲级队范围，球艺和竞技精神都极优秀。
have/hold a wolf by the ears 骑虎难下;进退两难：
A hen-pecked husband had a wolf by the ears because，just as he was boasting before his friends that his wife feared him very much，his fierce wife suddenly appeared before him.
一位惧内的丈夫骑虎难下，因为正当他向他的朋友们吹嘘他的妻子如何怕他时，他那凶恶的妻子忽然出现在他的面前。
hold by 坚持(意见、想法等)：
As both sides held by their own opinions and refused to make concession，the trade negotiation came to a standstill.
由于双方都坚持自己意见拒绝让步，贸易磋商陷于停顿。
hold/catch/take the button 拖住人谈话;留人长谈：
Our neighbour is a chatterbox，he holds everyone he meets the button.
我们的邻居是个话匣子，他拖住每个他所遇到的人跟他长谈。
if，by some chance or other 如果万一;如果碰巧：
If，by some chance or other，they do not agree to the price of our goods，you may give me a call.
如果万一他们不同意我们货物的价格，你可以给我打电话。
inch by inch 一点一点地;逐渐地：
At first，his knowledge about foreign language is very poor，but，through hard studying，he has mastered it inch by inch.
最初，他的外语知识很差，但是通过努力学习，他已经逐渐地掌握了它。
judgement by default 缺席判决：
The judge decided to make a judgement by default，for one side of the lawsuit always did not present himself at the court.
那法官决定作缺席判决，因为讼案的一方总不出席法庭的审判。
know sth by heart 牢牢记住;背下：
He has known his mother’s injunction by heart.
他已经把他母亲对他的嘱咐牢牢记住。
know sb by name/reputation 只知道某人的名字、名声(不认识该人)：
Although we have been neighbours for years，we know each other only by name.
虽然我们是多年的邻居，但我们彼此只知道名字(见面不认识)。
lay by 1
把……放在一边(留待后用);积蓄：
They laid by some money in everyday life for a rainy day.
他们在日常生活中积蓄一些钱以备不时之需。
2
收割后贮藏(谷物)：
It was a bumper harvest，peasants reaped and laid by their grain in barns.
那是个大丰收，农民们收割谷物并藏入粮仓。
lay store by 重视：
Father laid store by his children’s study and spared no money in buying reference books for them.
父亲重视孩子们的学习，在给孩子们买参考书方面他毫不吝啬。
lead sb by the nose 牵着某人鼻子走;完全支配某人：
In their family，Mrs Brown does not treat Mr Brown equally，she leads him by the nose in everything.
在他们的家庭中，布朗太太并不平等地对待布朗先生，她在任何事情上都完全支配布朗先生。
learn/get sth by heart 牢牢记住;背下：
Our teacher attaches much importance to ancient Chinese prose，he often asked his students to learn them by heart.
我们老师非常重视古文，他常常要求学生们将古文背下来。
let by 让……过去;为……让路：
As the street was narrow，pedestrians all kept aside to let by the cart.
由于街道狭窄，行人们都站到一旁让那辆马车过去。
lie by 1
被搁置不用;废置一旁：
With the development of science and technology，some old equipment has lain by and some up-to-date machines have been put to use.
随着科学技术的发展，一些旧设备已被搁置不用，一些最新式机器已经投入使用。
2
近在手边;就在手头：
It is the habit of that old mechanic to have his tools lying by while he is at work.
那位老修机工在工作时总是把他的工具放在手边，这是他的习惯。
3
休息;停歇：
Tourists are very much tired after such a long and hot walk under the scorching sun，they all want to lie by.
旅游者们在烈日下走这么长的路途非常劳累，他们都想休息。
little by little 一点一点地;逐渐地：
It is no easy work to master technology in such a short time，technological affairs can only be learned little by little.
在这么短时间内掌握技术不是一件容易的事，技术事务只能一点一点地学习。
live by 1
靠……过活;以……为生计：
Most of the inhabitants live by fishing because a large lake nearby abounds in fish.
大多数居民靠捕鱼为生，因为附近有一个大湖盛产鱼类。
2
住在……附近：
My friend lived by the coast，I often went to see him when I spent my holidays on the seaside.
我的朋友住在海边附近，当我在海滨度假时，我时常去看望他。
live by one’s wits 靠施展小聪明过日子;靠骗人为生：
One should never live by his wits，he should live by honest labour.
一个人绝不应该靠施展小聪明过日子，他应当靠诚实劳动为生。
lose by a neck/nose 1
(在赛马中)仅以一颈(一鼻)之差而输掉：
We all guessed that a white horse would come out first at the big meeting，but it lost by a neck.
我们都猜测一匹白马将在赛马大会上获得第一名，但是它却以一颈之差输掉。
2
(在比赛中)仅以些微之差失败：
Last time their team lost a game by a neck，but they never gave up，so they win the game this time.
上次他们队以些微之差打输了一场球，但是他们毫不气馁，这次比赛就打赢了。
Marriage comes by destiny. 〈谚语〉姻缘是命中注定的。
I believe in the proverb that marriage comes by destiny because I think everyone’s marriage is decided in his previous existence.
我相信姻缘是命中注定这个谚语，因为我认为每个人的婚姻是在他前生被决定的。
Marriage goes by contrasts.
〈谚语〉(在容貌、性情等方面)夫妻常悬殊：
The saying marriage goes by contrast is as true as a die，very often the wife is as talkative as a chatterbox while her husband is as mute as a fish.
夫妻常悬殊这个谚语非常真实，时常有这种情况，太太像话匣子那样爱说话，而先生像哑人一样不好说。
mean ill by 对……存心不良;对……怀有恶意：
We should mean kindly by everyone and mean ill by no one.
我们应当对所有的人都怀有好意，不对任何人怀有恶意。
mean well/kindly by 对……怀有好意：
We all admire that old lady，who means well by everyone，especially by those who are poor and wretched.
我们都敬佩那位老太太，她对任何人都怀有好意，特别是对那些贫苦不幸的人们。
measure other’s corn by one’s own bushel 以自己的尺度衡量别人;以己度人：
Dick often measures other’s corn by his own bushel，so he finds others all inferior to himself.
迪克时常以自己的尺度衡量别人，所以发现别人全不如他。
Mischiefs come by the pound and go away by the ounce.〈谚语〉遭祸容易脱祸难。
Uncle George believes in the proverb mischiefs come by the pound and go away by the ounce，for it takes him a moment to catch a cold but a month to restore from it.
乔治大叔相信遭祸容易脱祸难这个谚语，因为他只在片刻工夫就得了感冒而治愈它却需要一个月的工夫。
month by month 一月又一月;逐月：
Time elapses month by month，the patient has been cured of his sickness and become both fat and strong.
光阴一个月一个月地过去，那病人已经痊愈，变得又胖又强健。
not by a fraction 一点也不：
In spite of our persuasion，he did not change his mind by a fraction.
虽然我们劝他，但他一点也不改变主意。
not by a jugful 〈美口语〉一点也不;决不：
They do not draw a lesson from their failure by a jugful，so they are to meet with another failure in the future.
他们一点也不从失败中接受教训，所以将来他们仍然要失败。
not by a long chalk/shot 〈口语〉绝不;差得远：
These people are not friendly to one another by a long chalk.
这些人彼此之间远不是友好相处。
not by a long sight 绝不;差得远：
He looks like a kind-hearted man but，as a matter of fact，he is not by a long sight.
他看起来像是一个和善的人，但实际上远不是如此。
one by one 一个一个地;依次地：
The doctor inspects his patients one by one，it takes him quite a long time to do so.
那医生一个一个地检查他的病人，他做这件事占用他很长时间。
pass by 走过;路过;(时间)过去：
When we took a rest in the roadside chair，many pedestrians passed by.
当我们在路边椅子上休息的时候，许多行人走过去。
pass sb/sth by 1
漠视;忽视;不理会：
They often passed by other’s opinions no matter how important they were.
他们时常忽视别人的意见，不管这些意见是多么重要。
2
从……旁边过去：
A stranger passed by me when I went to work this morning.
今天早晨我上班时，一个陌生人从我旁边过去。
3
宽恕：
He has said something bad against us，we cannot pass by his remark in silence.
他说了我们一些坏话，我们不能宽恕而沉默不语。
pass sb by on the other side 对某人坐视不救;对某人的困难不表同情：
We should try our best to help our friend who is in trouble and should not pass him by on the other side.
我们应当尽最大努力帮助我们遭到麻烦的朋友，不应当坐视不管。
piece by piece 一件一件地;一块一块地：
The shop is responsible to their customers，they examine their goods piece by piece before selling them.
那家商店对顾客负责，在售出货物以前他们一件一件地检查他们的货物。
profit by 获益于;从……得到好处;获利于：
Alice advises us in everything and we have profited very much by her advice.
爱丽丝在每件事上都给我们提出忠告，我们从她的忠告上已经得到许多益处。
pull sb by the nose 揪某人的鼻子(一种侮辱性的动作)：
Little Tom hates a big boy very much because he often bullies him and pulls him by the nose.
小汤姆非常恨一个大个的男孩，因为他时常欺侮他，并且还揪他的鼻子。
put sth by 为将来而储蓄;储存……备用：
Although Mrs Green was poor，she still put by some money for her old age.
虽然格林太太很穷，但她仍旧为自己的老年储蓄一些钱。
set sb by the ears 挑拨离间：
We should get along with others intimately and never set others by the ears.
我们应当与别人亲密相处，绝不要挑拨离间他人。
set great store by 极重视(某事物)：
Our manager sets great store by his subordinates’ ability，he only promotes those who have special ability.
我们经理极端重视下属们的能力，他仅提拔那些具有特别能力的人。
set light by 藐视;轻视(某事物)：
We should never set light by other’s advice even if it is given by someone who is inferior to us in knowledge and experience.
我们不应轻视别人的忠告，即使提供忠告的人在知识和经验上不如我们，我们也不能轻视。
set much by 重视(某事物)：
Honest people set much by moral excellence while vulgar people set much by vanity.
正直的人们重视美德而庸俗的人们则重视虚荣。
set no store by 不重视(某事物)：
That idle person sets no store by his work，he only pays attention to enjoyment of life.
那个懒惰的人不重视他的工作，他只注意生活享受。
side by side 肩并肩地;协力：
These two partners have cooperated intimately side by side for many years，as a result，their enterprise becomes prosperous and flourishing.
这两位合伙人多年以来肩并肩地亲密合作，结果，他们的企业变得兴旺发达。
sit by 抱无动于衷的态度：
That hard-hearted person sat by even when his friends were deep in difficulty.
甚至在他的朋友们深陷困难时，那个硬心肠的人也无动于衷。
speak by the book 说话确切;说话有根据：
When these mathematicians discussed some mathematical problems，they spoke by the book because they were all experts in it.
当这些数学家们讨论数学问题时，他们说话有根据，因为他们都是这方面的专家。
stage by stage 分阶段地;逐步地：
When that large machinery manufacturing factory carried on technical reform，the technicians were asked to do it stage by stage so as not to disturb normal production order.
当那个大型机械制造厂进行技术改革时，技术人员们被要求分阶段地进行这个工作以免打乱了该厂的正常生产秩序。
stand by 1
站在旁边;袖手旁观：
Only a cool-hearted person can stand by and not help that wounded man.
只有心肠冷酷的人才会袖手旁观，不去帮助那个受伤的人。
2
待命;准备行动：
A surgeon is standing by，he will begin his operation when the patient is carried in.
一位外科医生等待行动，只要病人一被抬入就开始手术。
stand by sb/sth 1
援助(某人);支持(某人)：
Henry is an ardent young man，he always stands by his friends when they are in difficulty.
亨利是一位热心的青年，当他的朋友们发生困难时，他总是援助他们。
2
信守;遵守(信用、诺言等)：
That gentleman is a reliable man，he always stands by his words.
那位先生是一位可靠的人，他永远信守他的诺言。
stand by sb’s side 站在某人一边;在道义上支持某人：
When the small and weak are treated unfairly，they all stand by their side，they think they are right in doing so.
当弱小者受到不公正对待时，他们都站在他们一边，他们认为这样做是对的。
step by step 一步一步地;逐渐地：
A student tried to master a foreign language in a few days，his teacher advised him to study step by step.
一个学生试图在几天内掌握一门外语，他的老师劝告他要一步一步地学习。
stick by 忠于;竭力拥护：
Although the old man is poor，he still sticks by honesty，kindness and other principles a man should pursue in his life.
虽然这位老人很穷，但他仍然忠于诚实、忠实和其他人生应当奉行的原则。
swear by 1
对……发誓：
He swore by his parents that he would correct his error and make a fresh start.
他对着父母发誓，他一定要改过自新。
2
信赖;鼓励使用：
Some housewives swore by this new brand of refrigerator.
有些主妇信赖这种新牌子的电冰箱。
take sb by surprise 1
冷不防地抓住某人;撞见某人做某事：
When a child ate candy stealthily，his little brother took him by surprise.
当一个孩偷偷地吃糖果时，被他的小弟弟冷不防地抓住。
2
使某人大吃一惊;使某人吓一跳：
A man was taken by surprise when a drunkard suddenly jumped out from the dark.
当一个喝醉的人忽然从黑暗中跳出来时，把那人吓一跳。
take /seize occasion by the forelock抓住时机：
There are many reasons for his success，the most important one among them is that he can take occasion by the forelock.
他的成功有许多原因，其中最重要的一条是，他能够抓住时机。
take the bull by the horns 不畏艰难;勇于面对困难：
The brave man took the bull by the horns and dared to do any task others dared not.
那个勇敢的人不畏艰难，他敢于做任何别人不敢做的工作。
take time by the forelock.
抓住时机：
A successful man can take time by the forelock while a man of failure cannot.
一个成功的人能够抓住时机，而一个失败的人则不能。
throw by 扔掉(无用之物)：
In order to clear up his desk，the manager asked his secretary to throw by everything useless in it.
为了清理他的办公桌，经理叫他的秘书把他办公桌中的一切无用之物都扔掉。
too...by half 〈贬义〉可太……啦：
The heart of that evil person is too unkind by half.
那个坏人的心太不良善了。
What do you mean by saying that?你怎敢讲这种话? When a naughty boy said something impolite to his teacher，his teacher got angry and shouted at him：
“What do you mean by saying that?”当一个顽皮男孩对他的老师说了一些不礼貌的话时，他的老师大怒，对他喊道：
“你怎敢讲这种话?”
What is done by night appears by day. 〈谚语〉若要人不知，除非己莫为。
When a child has told a lie，his mother tells him that what is done by night appears by day，she asks him never to tell lie henceforth.
当一个孩子撒了一个谎时，他的母亲告诉他，若要人不知，除非己莫为，她要求他今后永远不要再说谎。
win by a neck/nose 1
(在赛马中)仅以一颈(一鼻)之差而获胜：
No one would expect that black horse could win，but it won the race by a neck.
没有一个人预想那匹黑马能赢，但是它竟以一颈之差获胜。
2
(在比赛中)仅以些微之差获胜：
Our team is inferior to them in physical strength，but，through exertion，we win the game by a neck.
我们队在体力上不如他们队，但是经过努力我们队以些微之差在比赛中获胜。
year by year 年复一年：
Year by year Albert Einstein insisted on his study，at last he declared his theory，which shook the whole world.
年复一年爱因斯坦坚持他的研究工作，最后他发表了他的理论，这理论震撼了全世界。


李士钧 编著.
英语介词用法词典.
天津：
天津科学技术出版社.
2003.
第153-178页.
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英语用法大全包含115条英语用法指南，基本涵盖了全部常用英文词汇及语法点的翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。

　

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