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词组 sequence of tenses
释义
sequence of tenses1     

【问】 请谈一谈英语的时态呼应原则。
 【答】 根据英语时态呼应的原则,当主句谓语动词使用过去时态时,某些从句的谓语动词的时态要作相应的调整,即一般现在时改为一般过去时,一般将来时改为过去将来时,等等。
 例如:
 She said “Mr X will be back tomorrow. ”
 她说“X先生明天回来。”
 She told me(that) Mr X would be back the next(or the following) day.
 她跟我说过X先生第二天回来。
 但是,当人们听到后一个句子的时候,既无法知道Mr X到底是回来了,还是即将回来,也无法知道the next day是指过去的某一天,还是指即将到来的一天(明天)。可以看出,这种时态呼应的原则使得交际与现实环境完全脱离了联系。这对于表达思想是很不精确的。这不能不说是时态呼应原则的一个缺点。因此,现代英语已趋于摆脱这种束缚,表现出它的灵活性:为了强调从句所表达的动作或状态与说话时的实际环境的联系,或者强调所转述的内
 容确实是事实时,人们常常独立地使用从句谓语动词的时态,而不受主句动词时态的影响。
 例如:
 1.I told you(that)
 我告诉过你{道路不许通行。桥已经塌了。谁也过不去。
 I told you(that) the road is closed.的意思是The road is closed,I told you that before.(即说话的时候道路仍不许通行)
 2. He said(that) this road leads to Rome. (The road still leads to Rome). (EGS)
 他说这条路通向罗马。
 3. Werner said he is going home tonight. (Reader’s Digest)
 沃纳说他今晚要回家。
 4. She told me she’s getting marrid next June. (And I believe her. )(PEU)
 她告诉我她明年六月结婚。
 有人说,这种不符合时态呼应原则的句子仅能用于口语中,是标准书面英语所不能接受的。事实并非如此。例如,以考核学生运用标准书面英语能力为已任的TOEFL,就常常采用这种用法:
 5. “Professor Datilla just announced that he will give us a test this afternoon. ”
 “That’s not fair. How much time____for us to study?”答案为will there be(TOE-FL,72.10)
 Nelson试题也有这种用法:
 6. It was told yesterday that the company____me there next week for a business con-ference.
 A. shall have sent B. are going to send
 C. shall be sending D. shall send(Nelson,250A)(答案为B)
 但是许多英语试题却总是要求学生严格遵守时态呼应的原则。考官可以使用的句式,
 偏偏不容许考生使用,岂非怪事!请看下面的改错题:
 (1)On last night’s news,Walter Cronkite said that the crime rate is increasing in spiteof community and government programs aimed at providing education and employment opportunities for first offenders.(答案规定(A)is为错误)(B’s Exercises,P.66)
 (2) Public Opinion Magazine reported that 57 percent of all Americans that mothers with young children outside of the home unless families badly needed the extra income.(答案规定(B)believe为错误)(B's Exercis-es,P.66)
 正如G. Leech所指出的,“When the idea expressed in the reported statement can also beapplied to the time of reporting,there is no need to change the tense or other forms.”(“如果被转述的陈述句中表达的内容在转述时也适用,那就不需要改变时态或其他形式。”)考题(1)、(2)恰恰属于这里所说的情况。M.Swan则主张根本没有必要去考虑时态呼应的原则:
 “It is quite unnecessary to learn complicated 'rules' about reported speech,or to practisechanging direct speech to reported speech. Simply use the tenses that are natural for the situa-tion.”(PEU,P.535) (这里完全没有必要去学习关于间接引语的复杂的“规则”或去练习把直接引语变为间接引语,哪些时态用起来自然,就用哪个时态好了。)
 (本条部分内容曾刊登于《外语与外语教学》1985年第1期)


赵振才 编著.英语常见问题解答大词典.哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社.1998.第1031-1032页.
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